Kitap Do\u011fru, Okur Yanl\u0131\u015f \/ Orhan Y\u0131lmazkaya<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Venezuela Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Hugo Chavez, 19 Nisan g\u00fcn\u00fc Trinidad Tobago\u2019da birlikte kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 Amerika Zirvesi\u2019nde ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Obama\u2019ya Uruguayl\u0131 yazar Eduardo Galeano\u2019nun Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Kesik Damarlar\u0131 adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131 hediye etti. Obama\u2019n\u0131n kitaba te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederken iyi bir okuyucu oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemesi ve kitab\u0131n internet sat\u0131\u015f sitelerinde bir anda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00e7ok sat\u0131lan kitaplar\u0131ndan birisi haline gelmesi bas\u0131na konu oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Obama\u2019n\u0131n bu okumas\u0131n\u0131n kime ne faydas\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek zorunday\u0131z. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Uruguay\u2019\u0131n y\u00fczak\u0131, ayd\u0131n namusunun cisimle\u015fmi\u015f hali Galeano\u2019dan ve ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131 Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Kesik Damarlar\u0131\u2019ndan bahsediyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Kesik Damarlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 hatmetmi\u015f bir okuyucu olman\u0131n verdi\u011fi hakla, kendi sordu\u011fumuz soruya yan\u0131t vermemiz gerekirse; Obama\u2019ya hediye edilen kitab\u0131n, sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131p yazar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 be\u015f kuru\u015f para kazanmas\u0131 ve bu konuda \u00f6zlemle bekleyece\u011fimiz yaz\u0131s\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir kazan\u00e7 olmayacakt\u0131r. Kitap do\u011fru ama Okur yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, bir fayda olmayacakt\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc e\u011fer bir ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n bir kitab\u0131 okuyup s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik tarihi konu\u015funda bilgilendikten sonra, emperyalist politikalar\u0131nda bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olsayd\u0131, muhtemelen Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Kesik Damarlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yaz\u0131lmas\u0131na da gerek kalmazd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n halklar\u0131 ABD\u2019yi bizden iyi tan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kurtar\u0131c\u0131 lakapl\u0131 general Simon Bolivar, \u201cABD\u2019nin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ad\u0131na Amerika\u2019ya sefalet sa\u00e7makla g\u00f6revlendirildi\u011fini\u201d s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti daha 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda. Art\u0131k unutulmu\u015f bir tarihte, y\u00fcz\u00fcnde ac\u0131 g\u00fcl\u00fcmseme ta\u015f\u0131yan Latin Amerikal\u0131 bir ayd\u0131n \u015f\u00f6yle bir \u015faka yapmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cAmerika k\u0131tas\u0131nda sadece ABD\u2019de darbe olmaz; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc sadece orada ABD b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi yoktur.\u201d 1915\u2019de \u00f6len Meksika diktat\u00f6r\u00fc Porfirio Diaz\u2019\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc s\u00f6z\u00fc de 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca bu \u00fclkede tekrarlan\u0131p durmu\u015ftur: \u201cZavall\u0131 Meksika, tanr\u0131dan \u00f6ylesine uzak ve ABD\u2019ye o denli yak\u0131n ki\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ABD\u2019nin Latin Amerika\u2019daki \u00e7ok say\u0131da askeri operasyonuna kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f T\u00fcmgeneral Smedley D. Butler de, 1935\u2019te samimi olarak kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 an\u0131lar\u0131nda ki\u015fisel tarihini anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cBu \u00fclkenin en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 kuvvetinde, deniz piyade s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda asker olarak Otuz \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l, d\u00f6rt ay ge\u00e7irdim. Aste\u011fmenlikten t\u00fcmgeneralli\u011fe, hiyerar\u015finin t\u00fcm basamaklar\u0131nda bulundum. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu s\u00fcre boyunca, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fadamlar\u0131, Wall Street ve bankerler hesab\u0131na, k\u0131sacas\u0131 kapitalizm hizmetinde kiral\u0131k katillik yapt\u0131m.\u201d 1911-21 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda s\u00fcren Meksika devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ABD birlikleri Meksikal\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fc devrimcisi Emiliano Zapata\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. ABD d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n tescilli katili Henry Kissinger\u2019\u0131n 1970\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Allende\u2019nin sosyalist \u015eili h\u00fck\u00fcmeti i\u00e7in s\u00f6yledikleri de Latin Amerika\u2019da hi\u00e7 unutulmad\u0131 tabii: \u2018Bir \u00fclkenin, kendi halk\u0131n\u0131n sorumsuzlu\u011fu y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, kom\u00fcnist olmas\u0131na neden g\u00f6z yummam\u0131z ve tahamm\u00fcl etmemiz gerekti\u011fini anlam\u0131yorum.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015fka yerleriyle oldu\u011fu gibi, ABD\u2019nin \u201carka bah\u00e7esi\u201d sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Latin Amerika\u2019yla ili\u015fkisi de bir su\u00e7 ve katliam manifestosu \u015feklinde okunabilir. ABD ordusu 1898\u2019de Meksika\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal etti ve bug\u00fcn g\u00fcney eyaletleri olarak bildi\u011fimiz geni\u015f topraklar\u0131 ilhak etti- Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l K\u00fcba da i\u015fgal edildi. 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nikaragua\u2019ya sald\u0131rd\u0131- 1954\u2019te Guatemala i\u015fgal edildi. 1961\u2019de K\u00fcba\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 Domuzlar K\u00f6rfezi \u00e7\u0131kartmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctleyen ABD yenilgiye u\u011frad\u0131. 1965\u2019te Dominik\u2019te 10 bin Dominikli\u2019yi \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. 1967\u2019de Che\u2019yi katledenlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda ABD\u2019li komandolar vard\u0131. 1973\u2019te \u015eili\u2019de CIA\u2019nin d\u00fczenledi\u011fi darbe sonucu 30 bin ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. 1973\u2019da Uruguay cuntas\u0131, 1976\u2019da Arjantin cuntas\u0131 ve daha bir\u00e7ok fa\u015fist cunta ABD taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenip politik olarak desteklendi. 1979 Nikaragua devriminden sonra kar\u015f\u0131 devrimciler kom\u015fu \u00fclke Honduras\u2019ta ABD taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlendirilip \u00fclkeye sald\u0131rt\u0131ld\u0131. 1982\u2019de Grenada i\u015fgalinde y\u00fczlerce devrimci ve yurtsever katledildi- 1989 Panama i\u015fgalinde be\u015f bin Panamal\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. El Salvador\u2019daki i\u00e7 sava\u015fta fa\u015fistler desteklendi. Kolombiya\u2019nin fa\u015fist y\u00f6netimlerine askeri ve mali destek vererek, Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n 1964\u2019ten beri yenilmeyen onurlu gerilla hareketleri FARC ve ELN\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 ve halen sava\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. ABD, 2002\u2019de Hugo Chavez\u2019i devirmeye kalk\u0131\u015fan darbeyi de gizlice \u00f6rg\u00fctleyip politik olarak a\u00e7\u0131ktan destekledi. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Bolivya\u2019n\u0131n sosyalist h\u00fck\u00fcmetine kar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 zengin b\u00f6lgeleri destekleyerek bu \u00fclkeyi b\u00f6lmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Panama\u2019daki \u00fcnl\u00fc kontrgerilla okulu School of Americas\u2019da yeti\u015ftiren on binlerce fa\u015fist subay koca k\u0131tay\u0131 bir cehenneme \u00e7evirdi. Vah\u015fetlerini ele\u015ftiren papazlar\u0131 dahi vurup rahibelere tecav\u00fcz ettiler- 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda ABD\u2019nin alt k\u0131tas\u0131na ihra\u00e7 etti\u011fi en nitelikli mal fa\u015fizm oldu. Nas\u0131l \u015fimdilerde yine ABD y\u00f6netiminin 11 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019den sonra resmi olarak i\u015fkence emirleri verdi\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorsa, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte de olan bundan farkl\u0131 de\u011fildi. Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n ayd\u0131nlar\u0131, devrimcileri, marksistleri ABD\u2019yi, Avrupa\u2019y\u0131, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi, kapitalizmi, emperyalizmi iyi bildiklerinden, kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131na, sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00fcniversite k\u00fcrs\u00fclerine, h\u0131mb\u0131l k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvalara yazmad\u0131lar. Yoksul ve cahil halklar\u0131n\u0131n kavgalar\u0131nda bir sat\u0131r bile devrimciler, i\u015f\u00e7iler ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcler taraf\u0131ndan okunursa, bunu ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131n en anlaml\u0131 hareketi sayarak, o sat\u0131rlar\u0131 yazabilmek i\u00e7in ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 verdiler. Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n sadece madenlerine, kau\u00e7u\u011funa, meyvelerine de\u011fil, belle\u011fine de el konuldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen Galeano, bu \u00e7abay\u0131 kendi diliyle \u015f\u00f6yle tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cBen tarih\u00e7i de\u011filim. B\u00fct\u00fcn Amerika\u2019n\u0131n, ama her \u015feyden \u00f6nce o a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanan sevgili \u00fclkenin, Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f belle\u011finin bulunmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak isteyen bir yazar\u0131m- Onunla konu\u015fmak, gizlerini payla\u015fmak, ona hangi sertliklerden yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, hangi sevgi ve \u015fiddet eylemlerinden do\u011fdu\u011funu sormak isterim.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Kesik Damarlar\u0131, bu sorunun kendisidir\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Kesik Damarlar\u0131 1970\u2019te tamamland\u0131. \u0130ki b\u00f6l\u00fcmden Olu\u015fuyordu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1 -Topra\u011f\u0131n Zenginli\u011fi \u0130nsan\u0131n Yoksullu\u011funu Do\u011furuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2-Kalklnma Denilen Tehlikeli Yolculuk\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bug\u00fcn de yaz\u0131lsayd\u0131 sadece b\u00f6l\u00fcm ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131yla dahi g\u00fcncel olmay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131rd\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn k\u0131tada yay\u0131nland\u0131ktan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra hemen her \u00fclkede toplat\u0131ld\u0131 ve yasakland\u0131. 1973 darbesinden sonra \u015eili\u2019den ka\u00e7an devrimci bir anne, bebe\u011finin bezlerinin i\u00e7ine bu kitaptan da bir tane koymu\u015ftu; Bogota\u2019da bir k\u0131z \u00f6\u011frenci, otob\u00fcs yolculu\u011funda kitab\u0131 yan\u0131ndaki arkada\u015f\u0131na okurken, birden heyecanlan\u0131p y\u00fcksek sesle t\u00fcm yolculara okumaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, Buenos Aires\u2019te bir ba\u015fka \u00f6\u011frenci, kitab\u0131 alacak paras\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bir hafta i\u00e7inde ayn\u0131 sokaktaki t\u00fcm kitap\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 dola\u015farak kitab\u0131 ayakta okuyup bitirdi. 1976 cuntas\u0131ndan sonra Arjantin devlet g\u00f6revlileri televizyonlarda bu kitab\u0131n \u201cgen\u00e7li\u011fi zehirlemeye y\u00f6nelik bir ara\u00e7 oldu\u011funu\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Galeano\u2019nun Uruguay\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Marcha dergisindeki bir\u00e7ok yaz\u0131 kurulu \u00fcyesi fikirleri y\u00fcz\u00fcnden vurulup \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. 1973\u2019te Uruguay fa\u015fist cuntas\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131p Arjantin\u2019e s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan Galeano, 1976 Arjantin cuntas\u0131n\u0131n elinden kurtulup bu \u00fclkeyi de terk etmek ve 12 y\u0131l \u0130spanya\u2019da s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde ya\u015famak zorunda kald\u0131. \u00dclkesine sa\u011f olarak d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, bir\u00e7ok yolda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, sayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sunmak i\u00e7in \u00fczerine bir buket \u00e7i\u00e7ek b\u0131rakaca\u011f\u0131 mezar\u0131 dahi yoktu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de devrimci tutsaklar 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Kesik Damarlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 cezaevlerinde e\u011fitim kitab\u0131 olarak i\u015flemi\u015flerdi. 19 Aral\u0131k katliam\u0131nda do\u011fal olarak devrimcilerle ve ba\u015fka kitaplarla birlikte bir\u00e7ok cezaevinde yak\u0131ld\u0131. Ama hemen sonra Edirne F Tipi Cezaevi\u2019nin havaland\u0131rmalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda at\u0131la at\u0131la par\u00e7aland\u0131. Sosyalist y\u00f6netmen H\u00fcseyin Karabey onun bir hik\u00e2yesini filme \u00e7ekti. \u00c7ok say\u0131da devrimci gen\u00e7, yerlilerin eskiden dosta \u201c\u00f6teki y\u00fcre\u011fim\u201d dedi\u011fini ondan \u00f6\u011frendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bir kitab\u0131nda, Latin Amerikal\u0131 bir yazar\u0131n kendisine \u015f\u00f6yle dedi\u011fini aktar\u0131yor Galeano: \u201cYazd\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesini istemiyorlar, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerimi yaz\u0131yorum.\u201d \u0130\u015fte Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Kesik Damarlar\u0131 b\u00f6yle bir kitap\u2026 Ama \u00e7ok \u015f\u00fck\u00fcr biz onu okuduk ve bak\u0131\u015f\u0131na art\u0131k sahibiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Burjuva tarih\u00e7i ve iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 ya da onlar\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131nda bir Avrupa ve Bat\u0131 marksizmi kurmakta bir sak\u0131nca g\u00f6rmeyen \u00e7o\u011funluk marksizmine g\u00f6re, Avrupa\u2019da kapitalizmin geli\u015fim dinamikleriyle s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik tarihi aras\u0131nda san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar ili\u015fki yoktur. Kapitalizmin kendi geli\u015fim dinamikleri vard\u0131r ve o arada bir de s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sanki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik, kapitalizmin \u015fafa\u011f\u0131nda bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcp kayboluveren bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00e7akmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kisinin tarihini bir nesnenin iki farkl\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fc olarak anlatmak elzem de\u011fildir. Onun i\u00e7in, bu iki geli\u015fimi birlikte analiz etmek derdine d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ki\u015fi ve eser say\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r sosyalizm i\u00e7inde. Oysa de\u011fil 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, 1940 ve 50\u2019lerde dahi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok i\u015f\u00e7isinin ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn bir ulusal devletten yoksun haldeki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde ya\u015f\u0131yor oldu\u011funu bilmek dahi bu tezi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 hale getirir. Ama bu bir tezden \u00e7ok, aksi yap\u0131lmayarak tarihsel olarak i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bir yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir galat-\u0131 me\u015fhurdur. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, Galeano Kapital\u2019in 1. Cildinin 3. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u015fu pasaj\u0131 aktar\u0131r. \u201cAmerika\u2019daki alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madenlerinin ke\u015ffi; yerli n\u00fcfusun k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilip maden ocaklar\u0131nda zorla \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131; Do\u011fu Hint adalar\u0131n\u0131n fetih ve ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flanmas\u0131; Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n bir zenci av\u0131 haline getirilmesi\u2026 B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar kapitalist \u00fcretim \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 haber veren olgulard\u0131r ve ilk birikim d\u00f6neminin temel etkenlerini meydana getirirler.\u201d O zaman ve daima, Kapital\u2019den yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 y\u0131l sonra Galeano alt k\u0131tadan \u0130spanyolca ba\u011f\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cSadece ilk birikim d\u00f6neminin de\u011fil \u00fcstad, sadece ilk birikim d\u00f6neminin de\u011fil.\u201d Ernst Mandel taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan bir hesaba g\u00f6re, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci devletlerin bu faaliyetlerden elde ettikleri karlar\u0131n toplam\u0131, 1800\u2019lerde b\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa\u2019daki sanayi alanlar\u0131na yat\u0131r\u0131lan sermayenin toplam\u0131m a\u015fmaktad\u0131r. James Watt\u2019\u0131n buhar makinesiyle sonu\u00e7lanan bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 dahi k\u00f6le ticaretinden zengin olmu\u015f baz\u0131 i\u015fadamlar\u0131 finanse etmi\u015fti. Merkantilizm, yerlileri ve Afrikal\u0131 k\u00f6leleri Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u201cd\u0131\u015f proletaryas\u0131\u201d haline getirirken, antik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n k\u00f6leci sistemini de kendi \u201cmodern\u201d d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7inde canland\u0131rd\u0131. Topra\u011f\u0131, madeni, insan\u0131 al\u0131p satmay\u0131 bilmeyen kom\u00fcn gelenekli halklara bunlar\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretti. Hem de kendi bedenleri, topraklar\u0131, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131, dinleri, k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri \u00fczerinden\u2026 Yerliler, \u00fczerinde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 topraklar\u0131yla birlikte sat\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. Kapitalist uygarl\u0131k, Latin Amerika i\u00e7in bir a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanmadan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
O kadar ki, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanma nedeniyle yerli ve zenci k\u00f6leler d\u00f6nem d\u00f6nem toplu intihar eylemlerine giri\u015fiyorlar, erkekler \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 ve kar\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fckten sonra bir u\u00e7urumdan atlamay\u0131 tercih ediyorlard\u0131. Zorla H\u0131ristiyanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan yerliler, cennette de H\u0131ristiyanlar oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle cehenneme gitmek istediklerini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlard\u0131. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler, sonunda yerlilerin do\u011fac\u0131 dinleri \u00fczerinden bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulup, intihar edenlerin cesetlerini herkesin \u00f6n\u00fcnde par\u00e7alayarak, \u00f6teki d\u00fcnyada bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak tekrar ya\u015fama \u015fans\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rarak bu intiharlar\u0131n k\u0131smen \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc ge\u00e7ebildiler. Bunlar olurken, Katolik papazlar k\u00f6lelere \u00f6\u011f\u00fct veriyorlard\u0131: \u201cEy tanr\u0131n\u0131n zavall\u0131 kullar\u0131, k\u00f6le olarak katlanmak zorunda oldu\u011funuz ac\u0131lardan korkmay\u0131n\u0131z. Beden olarak k\u00f6le olabilirsiniz ama ruhunuz \u00f6zg\u00fcrd\u00fcr.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130lk zamanlarda \u0130spanyol saray\u0131n\u0131n resmi din otoriteleri, yerlileri insan olarak bile kabul etmiyordu. Ya\u015fam boyunca do\u011fdu\u011fu kasabay\u0131 hi\u00e7 terk etmemi\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fc Katolik Alman felsefecisi Kant, bir yandan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir bilgi teorisinin temellerini atarken, \u00f6te yandan yerlilerin uygarl\u0131k yetisinden yoksun, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yok edilmeye mahk\u00fbm olduklar\u0131na inan\u0131yordu. Modern sosyolojinin kurucular\u0131ndan Comte da beyaz \u0131rk\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne iman etmi\u015fti. Siyasi otorite a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u2018\u201dg\u00fc\u00e7ler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d fikrini geli\u015ftiren Montesqui ise \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu: \u201c\u00c7ok bilgili bir varl\u0131k olan tanr\u0131n\u0131n, bir siyah\u0131n bedenine bir ruh, \u00f6zellikle iyi bir ruh koydu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek imk\u00e2ns\u0131z geliyor.\u201d Arjantinli \u00fcnl\u00fc yazar Borges dahi, siyahlar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel k\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda kendince netti. Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k sadece Lombroso\u2019nun su\u00e7u de\u011fildi yani.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n eseri olan devrim Fransa\u2019da \u201ce\u015fitlik, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, karde\u015flik\u201d diye hayk\u0131r\u0131rken, 1791\u2019de s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi Haiti\u2019de zenci k\u00f6lelerin \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 isyan\u0131 bast\u0131rmak \u0130\u00e7in y\u00fczbinlercesini \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcyor ve bununla d\u00fcnyaya \u00f6\u011fretti\u011fi ilkeler aras\u0131nda bir \u00e7eli\u015fki g\u00f6rm\u00fcyordu. Frans\u0131z devriminin y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131l\u0131 Paris\u2019te kutlan\u0131rken kurulan panay\u0131rlarda, Latin Amerika\u2019dan getirilen yerliler kafes i\u00e7inde sergileniyordu. 1825\u2019te kanl\u0131 sava\u015flardan sonra Fransa Haiti\u2019nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmek zorunda kald\u0131. Haiti, d\u00fcnyada k\u00f6leli\u011fi ortadan kald\u0131ran ilk devlet olma onuruna sahip oldu. Ama Fransa aday\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llarca o kadar s\u00f6m\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve \u00f6ylesine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tazminat ald\u0131 ki, Haiti bug\u00fcn dahi belini do\u011frultamayan yoksul bir \u00fclke olarak kald\u0131. Haiti\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca Latin Amerika \u00fclkeleri ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131lar ama ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin \u00e7ekti\u011fi Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin en \u00f6nemli ihra\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan \u201cserbest ticaret\u201d rejimi sayesinde do\u011fmakta olan ulusal sanayilerini bo\u011fazlanm\u0131\u015f halde ulusal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131yla trampa etmi\u015f oldular. Osmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011fu ile \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti aras\u0131nda 1838 tarihli Baltaliman\u0131 Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131ndan ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Hindistan\u2019da \u00fcretti\u011fi afyonu \u00fclkede serbest\u00e7e satmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00c7in\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 Afyon Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 a\u00e7mas\u0131ndan bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce, Arjantin\u2019deki \u0130ngiliz Konsolosu, geni\u015f d\u00fczl\u00fcklerdeki s\u0131\u011f\u0131r \u00e7oban\u0131n\u0131 bir raporda \u015f\u00f6yle tarif ediyordu: \u201cGiysilerini, e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131 tek tek inceleyin; deri e\u015fyalar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u0130ngiliz mal\u0131 olmayan ne bulabilirsiniz? Kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ete\u011fi y\u00fczde doksan ihtimalle Manchester\u2019de \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir. Yeme\u011fin pi\u015fti\u011fi tencere, yendi\u011fi porselen tabak, b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131, mahmuzlar\u0131, at\u0131n gemi, \u00fczerindeki pan\u00e7o, hepsi \u0130ngiltere\u2019den gelmi\u015ftir.\u201d Ayn\u0131 y\u0131llarda, t\u00fcm Latin Amerika \u00fclkeleriyle benzeri antla\u015fmalar yap\u0131l\u0131yor, \u0130ngiliz sanayii sonsuz geli\u015fim olanaklar\u0131 yakalayarak yerli \u00fcreticileri bitiriyordu. Oysa \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin ihracat imk\u00e2n\u0131na sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 korumac\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda, ham y\u00fcn ihra\u00e7 eden \u0130ngilizler\u2019in \u00f6nce sa\u011f elleri kesilir, ayn\u0131 su\u00e7u ikinci kez i\u015flediklerinde ise idam edilirlerdi. Ele verir talk\u0131n\u0131, kendisi yer salk\u0131m\u0131\u2026 Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Kesik Damarlar\u0131 i\u015fte bunlar\u0131 ilk kez bu kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma kitab\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan \u00fcslupla anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Eduardo Galeano, sadece bir veri derlemecisi, bir iktisat tarih\u00e7isi, kuru bir Marksist yazar de\u011fil. Onun T\u00fcrk\u00e7e edebiyatta ve devrimci politik yaz\u0131nda rastlanmayan bir \u00fcslubu var. Gazetecilikten geldi\u011finden, g\u00fcnceli iyi takip eder, kaynak g\u00f6sterir, tarihsel incelemelere hakimdir. Ama akademik incelemeye en fazla yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 eseri olan Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Kesik Damarlar\u0131\u2019nda dahi \u00fcslubu, ak\u0131c\u0131 olmaktan uzakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olman\u0131n tuza\u011f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmez. Zaten kendisi de bu konuya de\u011finip, s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ya da propagandif anlat\u0131m imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde bir \u015feyler yazmay\u0131 denedi\u011fini belirtir. Galeano, daha sonraki y\u0131llarda kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve tamam\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7evrilen kitaplar\u0131nda bu \u00fcslubu geli\u015ftirmi\u015f, Marquez\u2019in roman ve \u00f6yk\u00fcde ad\u0131n\u0131 koydu\u011fu \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fc ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i\u201d ak\u0131m\u0131n inceleme ve denemedeki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130spanyolca nefesi olmu\u015ftur. Onun i\u00e7in, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019de ve ba\u015fka dillerde militan bir okur kitlesine sahiptir; televizyonlarda program yapan entelekt\u00fcel \u0130slamc\u0131 gen\u00e7ler dahi kendisinden b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sayg\u0131yla bahsedip kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nermektedirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Galeano, Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Kesik Damarlar\u0131\u2019yla g\u00f6rkemli bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131n kanal\u0131nda, daha ba\u015fka eserler de vermeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f parlak bir devrimcidir. Futbolu sevenler i\u00e7in G\u00f6lgede ve G\u00fcne\u015fte Futbol, a\u015f\u0131klar i\u00e7in Kucakla\u015fman\u0131n Kitab\u0131, Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n cuntalarla dolu karanl\u0131k 1970\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n gri bir resmi i\u00e7in S\u00f6z Mezbahas\u0131, Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Kesik Damarlar\u0131\u2019ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 y\u0131l sonra ayn\u0131 k\u0131tan\u0131n tarihini y\u0131l y\u0131l ama yine de\u011fi\u015fik bir \u00fcslupla anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 belgesel nitelikli \u00fc\u00e7 ciltlik \u00f6nemli eseri Ate\u015f An\u0131lar\u0131, Latin Amerikal\u0131 devrimcileri anlamak i\u00e7in A\u015fk\u0131n ve Sava\u015f\u0131n G\u00fcnd\u00fcz ve Geceleri, k\u0131tan\u0131n yerli efsanelerindeki kom\u00fcn ruhunu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemek i\u00e7in Y\u00fcr\u00fcyen Kelimeler ve Zaman\u0131n A\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131, son y\u0131llardaki ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 kitab\u0131, modernizme, k\u00fcreselle\u015fmeye bir reddiye olarak okunan Tepetaklak. Galeano\u2019yu seviyor, onu okuyoruz. Bize anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7ek hik\u00e2yeleri, insan\u0131n ve kavgam\u0131z\u0131n evrenselli\u011fini, bir b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131tan\u0131n insan\u0131n\u0131n yerelli\u011fi \u00fczerinden vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in. Arada bir bo\u015fluklar\u0131 doldurdu\u011funda, elimizdeki cildi at\u0131p hayk\u0131rmak geliyor i\u00e7imizden: \u201cEvet, i\u015fte tam b\u00f6yle olmu\u015ftur.\u201d Galeano\u2019yu seviyoruz. Hala kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcncel yaz\u0131larla Siyonizm\u2019i yerden yere vurdu\u011fu i\u00e7in bile mesela\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kad\u0131nla erke\u011fin yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f efsanesini Amerika yerlilerinin a\u011fz\u0131ndan aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yoruz, bize \u00e7ekici gelen yerli halklar m\u0131d\u0131r, yoksa Galeano mu: \u201cKad\u0131n ile erkek d\u00fc\u015flerinde Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kendilerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rd\u00fcler. Sigara duman\u0131 bulutunun i\u00e7inde d\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6ren Tanr\u0131 \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yleyip marakaslar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fak\u0131rdat\u0131yor, kendini mutlu, ama ku\u015fku ve gizemden allak bullak hissediyordu. Makiritare k\u0131z\u0131lderilileri, Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde yemek g\u00f6r\u00fcrse bereket ve yemek verdi\u011fini bilirler. Tanr\u0131 ya\u015fam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcrse, do\u011far ve do\u011furur. Tanr\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6ren kad\u0131n ile erkek d\u00fc\u015flerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck, parlak bir yumurtan\u0131n i\u00e7indeydiler; \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor, dans ediyor, do\u011fmak iste\u011fiyle \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fcklerinden olay \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yorlard\u0131 . Tanr\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde mutluluk ve ku\u015fku gizemden daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc. Tanr\u0131 b\u00f6ylece d\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcrken, bir \u015fark\u0131yla yaratt\u0131 onlar\u0131: \u2018Bu yumurtay\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131yorum, kad\u0131n do\u011fuyor ve erkek do\u011fuyor. Ve birlikte ya\u015fay\u0131p \u00f6lecekler. Ama gene do\u011facaklar. Do\u011facaklar, gene \u00f6lecekler, gene do\u011facaklar. Hi\u00e7 bir zaman do\u011fmalar\u0131n\u0131n sonu gelmeyecek, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6l\u00fcm bir yaland\u0131r\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Has\u0131l\u0131 kelam, biz devrimcilere \u00e7ekici geliyor ama, Ba\u015fkan Obama\u2019n\u0131n Galeano\u2019dan \u00f6\u011frenece\u011fi pek bir \u015fey olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sanm\u0131yoruz. ABD\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f\u0131 siyah i\u00e7i beyaz ba\u015fkan\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir adam. Galeano ise ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 adam \u00fczerine \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 Adam \u00dczerine Pencere<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplamadan aya bakamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7\u0131kacak odunu hesaplamadan a\u011faca bakamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fiyat\u0131n\u0131 hesaplamadan bir tabloya bakamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kaloriyi hesaplamadan bir men\u00fcye bakamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avantajlar\u0131n\u0131 hesaplamadan bir adama bakamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Riski hesaplamadan bir kad\u0131na bakamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Galeano, Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Kesik Damarlar\u0131\u2019na \u015fu c\u00fcmlelerle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cUluslararas\u0131 i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc sonucunda baz\u0131 \u00fclkeler kazan\u0131rken baz\u0131 \u00fclkeler de kaybediyor. Hep kazananlarla, hep kaybedenler.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sonunu ise \u015f\u00f6yle ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cLatin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n ulusal davas\u0131, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce toplumsal bir davad\u0131r. Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n yeniden do\u011fabilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6nce efendilerini bir bir devirmesi gerekir. Ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 ve de\u011fi\u015fim \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Baz\u0131lar\u0131, yazg\u0131n\u0131n tanr\u0131lar\u0131n elinde oldu\u011funu san\u0131yor ama ger\u00e7ekte, insanlar\u0131n bilincinde bir meydan okuma olarak bi\u00e7imleniyor.\u201d Muchos gracias companyero Eduardo\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Not: Orhan Y\u0131lmazkaya yolda\u015f\u0131n an\u0131s\u0131na onun yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nl\u0131yoruz…<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kaynak Nisan k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc bro\u015f\u00fcr\u00fc <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Kitap Do\u011fru, Okur Yanl\u0131\u015f \/ Orhan Y\u0131lmazkaya...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2164,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"manset":[],"class_list":["post-1067","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sectiklerimiz"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1067","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1067"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1067\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2165,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1067\/revisions\/2165"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2164"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1067"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1067"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1067"},{"taxonomy":"manset","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/manset?post=1067"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}