{"id":3510,"date":"2024-06-09T23:55:38","date_gmt":"2024-06-09T20:55:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/?p=3510"},"modified":"2024-12-01T19:05:50","modified_gmt":"2024-12-01T16:05:50","slug":"fikret-baskayanin-yeni-kitabi-uzerine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/2024\/06\/09\/fikret-baskayanin-yeni-kitabi-uzerine\/","title":{"rendered":"F\u0130KRET BA\u015eKAYA\u2019NIN YEN\u0130 K\u0130TABI \u00dcZER\u0130NE:"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

KAP\u0130TAL\u0130ZM EME\u011e\u0130 S\u00d6M\u00dcR\u00dcYOR, YA\u015eAMI YOK ED\u0130YOR\u2026<\/strong>[*]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cDo\u011fa ile hep sava\u015f h\u00e2lindeyiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fer kazan\u0131rsak,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

as\u0131l o zaman kaybedece\u011fiz.\u201d<\/a>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yalana ne hacet, \u201ceski\u201dyi mumla arar olduk! Hani kapitalizmin yaln\u0131zca k\u00e2r\u0131n, yani art\u0131 de\u011ferin azamile\u015ftirilmesi, bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcyle, emperyalizmin ise salt metropollerden \u00e7eper \u00fclkelere sermaye ihrac\u0131, \u00e7eper \u00fclkelerden de metropollere kaynak transferiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011funu sand\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z g\u00fcnleri\u2026 Kapitalizm bir s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc d\u00fczeniydi, metropollerde i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ve emek\u00e7ilerin i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00e7eper \u00fclkelerdeyse kaynaklar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrerek varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pek az\u0131m\u0131z, o g\u00fcnlerde kapitalist s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201cBios\u201dun, yani yery\u00fcz\u00fc ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n talan\u0131 oldu\u011funu, bunun ise antikapitalist m\u00fccadelenin yaln\u0131zca eme\u011fin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde ya\u015fam\u0131n s\u00fcrebilmesi i\u00e7in bir m\u00fccadele anlam\u0131na geldi\u011finin ay\u0131rd\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oysa Karl Marx, y\u00fcz y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir zaman \u00f6nce i\u015faret etmi\u015fti bu duruma\u2026 Uzunca bir al\u0131nt\u0131yla aktaray\u0131m: \u201c\u2026 \u2018Do\u011fa,\u2019 demi\u015fti Karl Marx, \u2018\u0130nsan\u0131n inorganik bedenidir.\u2019 \u2018\u0130nsan, do\u011fadan ge\u00e7inir. Demek ki do\u011fa da onun bir uzant\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r asl\u0131nda, i\u015fte bu nedenle, onunla etkile\u015fimini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeli ve onu beslemelidir ki hayatta kalabilsin.\u2019\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6nceleri belirtti\u011fi \u00fczere; kapitalizm, do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131 koyamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00e2r ve varl\u0131k birikimi d\u00fcrt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc, insan(l\u0131k) ve do\u011fadan daha \u00f6nemli sayar. B\u00f6ylelikle de \u2018\u0130nsan ve yerk\u00fcre aras\u0131ndaki metabolik etkile\u015fimi alt\u00fcst eder\u2019ken; \u2018Toplumsal metabolizman\u0131n, yani ya\u015fam\u0131n do\u011fa yasalar\u0131nca bizzat sal\u0131k verilen metabolizman\u0131n birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde onar\u0131lamaz bir u\u00e7urum\u2019 yarat\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Metabolik yar\u0131lma, b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc bir ekolojik sistemin metabolizmas\u0131ndaki par\u00e7alanmay\u0131 ifade eder; kapitalizmin neden oldu\u011fu \u00e7evresel bozulmaya\/ metamorfoza yol a\u00e7ar. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, kapitalizm g\u00f6lgesini satamayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 keser.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Biricik kurtulu\u015f kayna\u011f\u0131 do\u011faya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr,\u2019 vurgusuyla, \u2018Kapitalist tar\u0131mdaki her geli\u015fme, yaln\u0131z emek\u00e7iyi soyma sanat\u0131nda de\u011fil, topra\u011f\u0131 soyma sanat\u0131nda da bir ilerlemedir; belli bir zaman i\u00e7in topra\u011f\u0131n verimlili\u011finin artmas\u0131ndaki her ilerleme, ayn\u0131 zamanda, bu sonsuz verimlilik kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n mahvedilmesine do\u011fru bir ilerlemedir,\u2019<\/a>[2]<\/sup><\/a> diyen Karl Marx\u2019a g\u00f6re, kapitalizmin geli\u015fimiyle do\u011fan\u0131n talan edilmesi ilerleyecek ve \u2018Toplumsal ve do\u011fal, topra\u011f\u0131n do\u011fal yasalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f metabolizmada devas\u0131z bir yar\u0131lma ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r; bunun sonucunda topra\u011f\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc tahrip edilecek ve ticaret yoluyla bu tahribat o \u00fclkenin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesine ta\u015f\u0131nacakt\u0131r.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018\u0130nsan\u0131n do\u011fadan ve kendinden her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00f6z-yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131, onun do\u011fa, kendisi ve \u00f6teki insanlarla kurdu\u011fu ili\u015fkide a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar.\u2019 \u2018\u0130nsan do\u011faya ne kadar yabanc\u0131la\u015f\u0131rsa o kadar toplumsalla\u015f\u0131r, ne kadar toplumsalla\u015f\u0131rsa da o kadar kendine yabanc\u0131la\u015f\u0131r.\u2019 \u2018\u0130nsan\u0131n kendi do\u011fas\u0131na yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 kapitalist toplumun en temel k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr,\u2019 notunu d\u00fc\u015fen Karl Marx, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn \u2018kom\u00fcn m\u00fclkiyeti\u2019nde<\/a>[3]<\/sup><\/a> oldu\u011fu vurgusuyla ekler:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Kom\u00fcnizm insanla do\u011fa aras\u0131ndaki ve insanla insan aras\u0131ndaki uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\/\u00e7eli\u015fkinin ger\u00e7ek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr; var olu\u015fla \u00f6z\u00fcn, nesnele\u015fmeyle \u00f6z-olumlaman\u0131n (\u00f6znele\u015fmenin), \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckle zorunlulu\u011fun, bireyle t\u00fcr\u00fcn aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eki\u015fmenin do\u011fru bir bi\u00e7imde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kom\u00fcnizm tarih bilmecesinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr ve bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn kendisi oldu\u011funu bilir.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018\u0130nsan\u0131n \u00f6z-yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin olumlu a\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131\/a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131; b\u00f6ylece insan\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn kendine ve kendisi i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ek uygunlu\u011fu olarak kom\u00fcnizm\u2026 \u0130nsan\u0131n sosyal bir varl\u0131k(insan) olarak kendine eksiksiz d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olarak kom\u00fcnizm\u2026 (Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f bilin\u00e7li olarak ve kendinden \u00f6nceki geli\u015fmenin b\u00fct\u00fcn zenginli\u011fini kucaklar.) \u0130\u015fte bu kom\u00fcnizm tamamen geli\u015fmi\u015f nat\u00fcralizm olarak h\u00fcmanizme e\u015fittir ve tamamen geli\u015fmi\u015f h\u00fcmanizm olarak nat\u00fcralizme e\u015fittir\/e\u015fde\u011ferdir\u2019\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve\u2026  \u201c \u2018\u0130nsan olarak do\u011fa \u00fczerinde kurdu\u011fumuz egemenlik, onun yasalar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131ma ve do\u011fru olarak uygulayabilme \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahip olabilmemizden \u00f6teye gitmemelidir\u2019 (\u2026) \u2018Hele var olu\u015fumuzun ilk ko\u015fulu olan suyu ve topra\u011f\u0131 bir al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f nesnesi yapmak, insan\u0131n kendisini bir al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f nesnesi yapmaya do\u011fru at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ad\u0131md\u0131r.\u2019 (\u2026) \u2018Su ve topra\u011f\u0131n al\u0131n\u0131r, sat\u0131l\u0131r bir mal h\u00e2linde getirilerek bir az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tekeline al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve geri kalanlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131 ahl\u00e2ks\u0131zl\u0131ktan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey do\u011furmaz,\u2019<\/a>[4]<\/sup><\/a> der Friedrich Engels.\u201d<\/a>[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizmin yaln\u0131zca insan eme\u011fi \u00fczerinde de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda onun kopart\u0131lamaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu do\u011fa \u00fczerinde de bir s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve talan sistemi oldu\u011fu ve bu h\u00e2liyle yery\u00fcz\u00fc ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 tehdit etti\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fini Marksist \u00f6\u011fretinin kurucular\u0131, daha d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sanayi devrimi \u00f6ncesinin 1.1 santigrad derece \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015fken, deniz seviyesi 21-24 cm. y\u00fckselmemi\u015fken, yolcu g\u00fcvercinleri, berberi aslanlar\u0131,  Meksika boz ay\u0131lar\u0131, alt\u0131n kurba\u011falar, Franklinia a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131, Fransisken manzanitalar\u0131, iri \u00e7i\u00e7ekli Barbara d\u00fc\u011fmeleri\u2026  hen\u00fcz yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden silinip gitmemi\u015fken, yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 y\u00fczde 48\u2019i ormanlarla kapl\u0131yken (bug\u00fcn bu oran: y\u00fczde 38!) dile getirmi\u015flerdi\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7evresel bozulma (k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma, hava, su, toprak kirlili\u011fi, ormans\u0131zla\u015fma, biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin seyrelmesi\u2026) Sanayi Devrimi\u2019nden bu yana h\u0131zland\u0131, ivme her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn daha art\u0131yor\u2026 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u201c\u00e7evreciler\u201di (ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7evre hareketlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc)  sorunu sanayi\/teknoloji ile ili\u015fkilendirme e\u011filimindeyken, Bios\u2019un tahribat\u0131n\u0131n kapitalizm ile ili\u015fkilerini ilk ortaya koyan, Karl Marx olmu\u015ftur\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*   *   *<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fikret Ba\u015fkaya, uzun s\u00fcredir, kendi deyi\u015fiyle \u201ckapitalizmden nas\u0131l \u00e7\u0131k\u0131labilir, insan soyuna yara\u015f\u0131r, insan\u0131n insanla, do\u011fayla, kad\u0131n\u0131n erkekle uyumlu oldu\u011fu bir uygarl\u0131\u011fa giden yol nas\u0131l aralanabilir?\u201d (ss.11-12) sorusunun yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 arad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurguluyor, Paradigman\u0131n \u0130flas\u0131, Kalk\u0131nma \u0130ktisad\u0131n\u0131n Y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve D\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, \u00c7\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131ndan \u00c7\u0131km\u0131\u015f Bir D\u00fcnya, Yeni Paradigmay\u0131 Olu\u015fturmak, Ba\u015fka bir Uygarl\u0131k \u0130\u00e7in Manifesto, \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f, Eko-sosyalist Paradigma, \u0130klim Krizi ve Ekolojik Y\u0131k\u0131m, \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f Buradan <\/em>gibi yap\u0131tlar\u0131nda\u2026 Uygarl\u0131k Paradigmas\u0131n\u0131 De\u011fi\u015ftirmek<\/em>,<\/a>[6]<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> bu \u201caray\u0131\u015f\u201d\u0131n (\u015fimdilik) son dura\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fikret Hoca, Uygarl\u0131k Paradigmas\u0131n\u0131 De\u011fi\u015ftirmek<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131na, insanl\u0131k ve uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kritik bir e\u015fi\u011fe ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu saptamas\u0131yla ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n, yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015fimlerinde insan faaliyetinin ba\u015fat oldu\u011fu ve bu de\u011fi\u015fimlerin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcz bir noktaya ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden hareketle,  Antroposen (anthropocene) ad\u0131n\u0131 vermekte neredeyse ittifaka vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 jeolojik \u201c\u00e7a\u011f\u201da derin bir uygarl\u0131k krizinin damga vurdu\u011fu saptamas\u0131yla, bu \u201ckriz\u201di anla(mland\u0131r)ma \u00e7abas\u0131na giri\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomik, siyasal, toplumsal ve ekolojik boyutlar\u0131yla mevcut h\u00e2lin bir \u201cuygarl\u0131k krizi\u201dne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yleyen Ba\u015fkaya i\u00e7in krizin yerk\u00fcrede canl\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eden ekolojik boyutu teknolojik ilerlemeden de\u011fil, kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinden kaynaklan\u0131yor. Bat\u0131l\u0131 bilim \u00e7evreleri taraf\u0131ndan \u201crasyonel\u201d, \u201cilerlemeci\u201d, \u201czenginle\u015ftirici\u201d bir \u201cbolluk-bereket rejimi olarak sunulan kapitalizm, do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi irrasyoneldir. Temel g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fc \u201cihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131\u201d \u201crefah yaratmak\u201d, \u201cinsani geli\u015fim\u201d vb. de\u011fil, \u201ck\u00e2r\u0131n azam\u00eele\u015ftirilmesi\u201d oldu\u011fu i\u00e7indir ki, \u00fcretim ile gereksinimler aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f, kopmu\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Kapitalist, kapitalist olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in, s\u00fcrekli olarak ve daha fazla \u00fcretmek, piyasaya s\u00fcrekli olarak yeni \u00fcr\u00fcnler s\u00fcrmek zorundad\u0131r. \u201c(\u2026) Oysa bu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kaynaklar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r – sonludur. Bir zaman geliyor -\u015fimdilerde oldu\u011fu gibi- s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z b\u00fcy\u00fcme kaynaklar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na dayan\u0131yor. Bu niteli\u011finden dolay\u0131 da etik kayg\u0131lara yabanc\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f <\/em>bir sistemdir. Oysa etik, <\/em>s\u0131n\u0131r demektir.\u201d (s.16) \u201cKapitalist ileriye do\u011fru ka\u00e7mak zorunda olan biridir,<\/em> dolay\u0131s\u0131yla onun ki\u015fisel iradesinin bir de\u011feri yoktur. Hi\u00e7bir zaman burada duray\u0131m, bana bu kadar\u0131 yeter<\/em>, diyemez. Esasen kapitalistler sermayenin insan suretindeki tezah\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr!<\/em>\u201d (s.17)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u201cs\u0131n\u0131r tan\u0131mazl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dd\u0131r ki kapitalist sistemi, yaln\u0131zca (art\u0131-de\u011fere el koymak yoluyla) i\u015f\u00e7ileri\/ emek\u00e7ileri s\u00f6m\u00fcren<\/a>[7]<\/sup><\/a> bir sistem k\u0131lmakla kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda onun (do\u011fa \u00fczerindeki) sonsuz talan\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7ar. S\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z \u00fcretim, yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u011fmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir; hem maden, toprak, a\u011fa\u00e7, canl\u0131 t\u00fcrleri, temiz su vb.nin t\u00fcketilmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hem de \u00fcretim ve t\u00fcketim evrelerinde olu\u015fan at\u0131klar\u0131n (sera gaz\u0131 dahil) do\u011faya sal\u0131narak geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcz bir kirlili\u011fe yol a\u00e7mas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan. \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fcme\u201d g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fc, \u201cyokolu\u015f\u201da \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartmaktad\u0131r. Kapitalist \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fcme\u201dnin motoru sava\u015flar, bunun en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6stergesi\u2026 (ss.22-23)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fikret Ba\u015fkaya, kapitalist sistemin kendi yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zme kapasitesinden yoksun oldu\u011funu, mevcut s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve talan d\u00fczeninin kendisini onaramayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde ya\u015fam\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilmesinin ancak, \u00f6zelliklerini kitab\u0131n\u0131n sonunda a\u00e7\u0131mlayaca\u011f\u0131 yeni bir sistemin kurulmas\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fi kan\u0131s\u0131nda. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, \u201cBu durumdan \u00e7\u0131kmak, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n gelece\u011fini kurtarmak, ancak yeni bir uygarl\u0131k paradigmas\u0131n\u0131 ete-kemi\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcrmekle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir; tabii ge\u00e7 kalmamak kayd\u0131yla\u2026 Aksi h\u00e2lde geriye kurtar\u0131lacak bir \u015fey kalmayabilir.\u201d (s.25)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak bu, \u201cinsan\u2019a, toplum\u2019a, do\u011fa\u2019ya, ekonomiye, politikaya, bilgi edinme tarz\u0131m\u0131za, teknik bilime ve teknolojiye dair yeni bir bak\u0131\u015f ve anlay\u0131\u015f\u201d gerektirmektedir (s.25). Yeni bir paradigma\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYeni\u201d bir paradigmay\u0131 form\u00fcle edebilmek i\u00e7in Ba\u015fkaya, kapitalist paradigmay\u0131 ele\u015ftirmek\/ yap\u0131bozumuna u\u011fratmak gere\u011fini vurguluyor. Her vaadinin yery\u00fcz\u00fcne ve insanlara daha fazla s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, daha fazla yoksulla\u015fma, daha fazla ac\u0131, daha fazla \u00f6l\u00fcm getirece\u011fini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermek. Bunun i\u00e7in de \u00f6ncelikle ba\u015fta \u00fcniversiteler olmak \u00fczere sistemin \u201cbilim\u201d kurumlar\u0131 ve bilim insanlar\u0131yla hesapla\u015fmaya girer. (ss.25-28) Onlar\u0131n \u201cAvrupa-merkezci\u201d mant\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fhir eder (ss.28-54). Avrupa\/Bat\u0131-merkezci bilim, kapitalist Bat\u0131\u2019y\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131na \u00f6rnek, \u201cen ileri\u201d, \u201cen demokratik\u201d, \u201cen m\u00fcreffeh\u201d co\u011frafyas\u0131, t\u00fcm kalk\u0131nma\/geli\u015fme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n hedef almas\u0131 gereken bir \u201cmodel\u201d bir \u201c\u00e7a\u011fda\u015f uygarl\u0131k zirvesi\u201d olarak sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fkaya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nerdi\u011fi ikinci ad\u0131m, \u201cteknoloji feti\u015fizminden \u00e7\u0131kmak\u201dt\u0131r (ss.55-82). Bu ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda \u201cteknolojinin \u201ctarafs\u0131z oldu\u011fu\u201d s\u00f6ylemiyle hesapla\u015f\u0131r \u00f6ncelikle: \u201c(\u2026) Modern teknolojiler oldum olas\u0131 toplumsal e\u015fitsizlikleri, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc, m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015fmeyi ve do\u011fa tahribat\u0131n\u0131 derinle\u015ftirdi. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131 artt\u0131, \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine sokulan her yeni teknoloji proleterle\u015fmeyi b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fc, insanlar\u0131 ya\u015fam i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez olan \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan mahrum etti. Bu durumun sonucu olarak, her ileri a\u015famada yoksulluk, sefalet ve toplumsal kutupla\u015fma derinle\u015fti.\u201d (s.58) Modern \u00e7a\u011fda teknoloji, kapitalist sistemin hizmetindedir, amac\u0131 insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak, ya\u015fam s\u00fcresini uzatmak, a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek vb. de\u011fil, kapitalist k\u00e2r(l\u0131l\u0131\u011f)\u0131 artt\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Ba\u015fkaya bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde \u201cileri\u201d teknolojilerin yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki gelir u\u00e7urumunu derinle\u015ftirme y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki etkilerini de -\u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rneklerle-  g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serer: \u201cTeknoloji devi \u015firketlerin sahipleri e\u015fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f servetlere sahip oldular. Bu servetler her dakika artarak b\u00fcy\u00fcyor. Tesla ve SpaceX\u2019in CEO\u2019su Elon Musk  saatte 684 bin dolar kazan\u0131yor. Google kurucular\u0131ndan Larry Page, her saat 924 bin dolar\u0131 servetine ekliyor. Sosyal medya devi Facebook\u2019un kurucusu Mark Zuckerberg her saatte 1.7 milyon dolar kazan\u0131yor…\u201d (s.70)   Bu teknolojilerin (\u00e7evresel zararlar\u0131 bir yana<\/a>[8]<\/sup><\/a> insan zihnini bi\u00e7imlendirme ve k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte tekil bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc olu\u015fturarak k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi yok etme y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki etkinlikleri de cabas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalist paradigman\u0131n yap\u0131bozumunda \u201cteknoloji ele\u015ftirisi\u201d ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak, sisteme i\u00e7kin \u201ckalk\u0131nma\/b\u00fcy\u00fcme\u201d tak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ele\u015ftirisine yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r. Ba\u015fkaya\u2019n\u0131n \u201c \u2018\u0130lerlemecilik\u2019 ve \u2018Ekonomik B\u00fcy\u00fcme\u2019 Saplant\u0131s\u0131\u201d (ss.83-105) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmde giri\u015fti\u011fi, tam da bu. Kapitalizmin ideologlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131lt\u0131l\u0131 \u201c\u0130lerleme\u201d, \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fcme\u201d, \u201czenginle\u015fme\u201d vaatlerini de\u015fifre ederken, sorar: \u201c(\u2026) ilerleme, modernle\u015fme, muas\u0131r medeniyet seviyesini yakalama, kalk\u0131nma s\u00f6yleminin derin \u00e7ekirde\u011fini <\/em>ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme olu\u015fturuyor. Bir \u00fclkenin kalk\u0131nmas\u0131, ilerlemesi, modernle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin vaz ge\u00e7ilmezli\u011finden \u015f\u00fcphe edilmiyor. B\u00fcy\u00fcyor, ilerliyor, modernle\u015fiyor, o h\u00e2lde kalk\u0131n\u0131yor, velhas\u0131l i\u015fler yolunda <\/em>\u015feklinde genel ge\u00e7er bir anlay\u0131\u015f h\u00e2kim. (\u2026) E\u011fer \u00f6yleyse neden onca b\u00fcy\u00fcmeden sonra i\u015fsizlik oranlar\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde artmaya devam ediyor? E\u011fer ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme yoksullu\u011fun panzehiriyse, onca \u2018zenginle\u015fmeye\u2019 ra\u011fmen neden yoksulluk ve sefalet \u00e7\u0131\u011f gibi b\u00fcy\u00fcyor? Ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme e\u015fittir kalk\u0131nma diye bir \u015fey m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr? Ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme birilerini (k\u00fcresel oligar\u015fi) h\u0131zla zenginle\u015ftirir, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 da (\u00e7o\u011funluk) h\u0131zla yoksulla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken, neden do\u011fal \u00e7evre tahribat\u0131 da b\u00fcy\u00fcyor?\u201d (ss.94-95)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve de: \u201cKapitalizm d\u00e2hilinde \u2018bilimsel ve teknik ilerleme\u2019 (teknik-bilim) kapitalistlerin daha \u00e7ok \u00fcretmesinin, daha \u00e7ok k\u00e2r etmelerinin hizmetindedir. \u00dcretimin, ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme denilenin -ki biz Marx\u2019\u0131n \u00f6\u011frencileri ona sermaye birikimi diyoruz- yeg\u00e2ne amac\u0131 k\u00e2r ise, her \u00fcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131 otomatik olarak toplumsal refah art\u0131\u015f\u0131 demeye gelir miydi? Yeg\u00e2ne amac\u0131 ve varl\u0131k nedeni dar bir kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 zenginle\u015ftirmek, onun egemenli\u011fini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek olan bir \u2018teknik-bilim\u2019 insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fcz y\u00fcze geldi\u011fi hangi sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc olabilir?\u201d (s.88)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sorular\u0131n yan\u0131t\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r: \u201cKapitalizm b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve zenginlik \u00fcretiyor, ama onun sonucunda sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi gerekmiyor. Zira orada s\u00f6z konusu olan, sermayenin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesidir. Ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc ifade edersek, sermayenin geni\u015fletilmi\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekte yeniden \u00fcretilmesidir <\/em>ki, her ileri a\u015famada sosyal ve ekolojik k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerin de b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, i\u015flerin sarpa sarmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r.\u201d (s.96)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fkaya buraya dek, bizlere \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcze s\u00fcr\u00fclen \u0131\u015f\u0131lt\u0131l\u0131 reklamlara, parlak vaatlere farkl\u0131 bir g\u00f6zl\u00fckle bakmam\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6nermekte: Kapitalist sistemin, yoksullu\u011fu ortadan kald\u0131raca\u011f\u0131, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 refaha eri\u015ftirece\u011fi, teknolojik geli\u015fmelerin ya\u015famlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu, uzay\u0131 fethe \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z vb. s\u00f6ylemler, sistemin temel (ve yeg\u00e2ne) mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kapitalistin k\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131n maksimizasyonu oldu\u011funu perdelemeye y\u00f6nelik yalanlard\u0131r. Bu nedenle, ki\u015fi s\u00fcrekli olarak \u201cKimin i\u00e7in ilerleme? Kimin i\u00e7in refah? Kimin i\u00e7in kolayla\u015ft\u0131rma?\u201d vb. sorular\u0131n\u0131 sormak ve yan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 aramak durumundad\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fikret Hoca, bu kapitalist paradigman\u0131n bu \u201cyap\u0131bozumu\u201dnun ard\u0131ndan do\u011fayla bar\u0131\u015f\u0131k, ya\u015fam yanl\u0131s\u0131, e\u015fitlik\u00e7i ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirici \u201cyeni\u201d bir paradigmaya dair ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 vermeye giri\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u0130nsan\u0131n \u0130nsanla, Toplumun Do\u011fayla, Kad\u0131n\u0131n Erkekle Uyumlu (Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131k) Oldu\u011fu Bir D\u00fcnya M\u00fcmk\u00fcn\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda (ss.123-143) b\u00f6yle bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ancak kapitalizmden kopmakla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc i\u015fliyor. Bu de\u011fi\u015fimin \u00f6znesinin i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 oldu\u011funu vurgulay\u0131p, ancak bunun bir ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve m\u00fccadele yetisi neoliberalizmin dayatmalar\u0131 neticesinde a\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (s.124) anti-kapitalist nitelikli kad\u0131n ve \u00e7evre hareketleriyle ortak eylemi gerektirdi\u011fini vurguluyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fkaya i\u00e7in yeni bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131, kimi \u201ceski al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u201d\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi, kapitalizmin pompalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcketim kal\u0131plar\u0131ndan vaz ge\u00e7meyi de gerektiriyor: \u201cUygarl\u0131k paradigmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek, yeni bir uygarl\u0131\u011fa giden yolu aralamak, \u00fcretim, t\u00fcketim ve ya\u015fam tarz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 <\/em>fazla ge\u00e7 kalmadan ve radikal olarak<\/em> de\u011fi\u015ftirebilmeye ba\u011fl\u0131.\u201d (s.129)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki nas\u0131l olacak bu \u201cradikal de\u011fi\u015fiklik\u201d? \u201cBu ama\u00e7la da iddial\u0131 bir kamu hizmetleri program\u0131n\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irmek, yenilenebilir enerji kapasitesini b\u00fcy\u00fctmek, konutlar\u0131 yal\u0131tmak (daha az enerjiyle \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r h\u00e2le getirmek), ekosistemi korumak, sosyal ve ekolojik ama\u00e7lara hizmet eden teknolojilere odaklanmak, kolektif projelere halk\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak, kamu ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ncelemek gerekiyor. Bunlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek hem ekolojik hem de sosyal hedeflere ula\u015fmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rabilir, i\u015fsizli\u011fi de sorun olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karabilir – tabii ekonomik g\u00fcvensizli\u011fi de.\u201d (s.130)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu hedeflere ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in at\u0131labilecek kimi somut ad\u0131mlar\u0131 da Ba\u015fkaya \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131ml\u0131yor: B\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketlerin sosyalle\u015ftirilmesi ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin denetiminde demokratik y\u00f6netime kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131, fosil yak\u0131t t\u00fcketiminin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00f6zel kullan\u0131m ama\u00e7l\u0131 otomobil \u00fcretiminin ve hava ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00e7ok katl\u0131 bina yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n durdurulmas\u0131,  et \u00fcretiminin agro- end\u00fcstri \u015firketlerinin elinden al\u0131nmas\u0131, silah ve uyu\u015fturucu \u00fcretiminin yasaklanmas\u0131, reklamlar\u0131n kamusal alandan kovulmas\u0131, t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131n\u0131n uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olarak tasarlanmas\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylesi bir uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hayata ge\u00e7mesi, bir yandan bir avu\u00e7 para babas\u0131n\u0131n elinde yery\u00fcz\u00fc halklar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck servetlerin toplanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ecek, bir yandan insan ile do\u011fan\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f\u0131k bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrmesine yol verecek, bir yandan da e\u015fitlik\u00e7i bir ya\u015fam\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7acakt\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*   *   *<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Freni patlam\u0131\u015f kapitalist sistemin do\u011fay\u0131 ve (onun kopart\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan) insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcklemekte oldu\u011fu k\u0131yamet e\u015fi\u011finde, Fikret Hoca, hakl\u0131: yeni bir uygarl\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na, yeni bir ya\u015fam tarz\u0131na ve onu bi\u00e7imlendirecek \u201cyeni bir paradigma\u201dya ihtiya\u00e7, \u00e7ok acil, \u00e7ok yak\u0131c\u0131. Yery\u00fcz\u00fc ya\u015fam\u0131 konusunda kayg\u0131lanan herkes okumal\u0131 Uygarl\u0131k Paradigmas\u0131n\u0131 De\u011fi\u015ftirmek<\/em>\u2019i\u2026 Buna \u015fek ve \u015f\u00fcphe yok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Belki de yap\u0131t\u0131n tek tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131k y\u00f6n\u00fc: Ba\u015fkaya\u2019n\u0131n form\u00fcle etti\u011fi alternatif paradigman\u0131n ne kadar \u201cyeni\u201d oldu\u011fu. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda da vurgulamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m gibi, yery\u00fcz\u00fc ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n mevcut sistem i\u00e7erisinde y\u00f6neldi\u011fi y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 Marx (ve Engels) y\u0131llar \u00f6ncesinde, daha \u201cekoloji\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yaln\u0131zca birka\u00e7 bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n kavram da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131ndayken sezinlemi\u015f, bu konuda uyar\u0131larda bulunmu\u015f, kom\u00fcnizmi insan\u0131n insana kulluktan, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc boyunduru\u011fundan kurtulu\u015funun oldu\u011fu kadar do\u011fan\u0131n ve yery\u00fcz\u00fc ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n da s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilmesinin tek yolu oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmi\u015flerdi. Marx\u2019\u0131n \u015fu s\u00f6zleri, onun emek ile do\u011fa aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin kapitalist sistem taraf\u0131ndan nas\u0131l tersy\u00fcz edildi\u011finin ve bunun eme\u011fin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcnde (dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da toplumsal e\u015fitsizliklerde) nas\u0131l i\u015flevselle\u015fti\u011finin ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bilincinde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cEmek, b\u00fct\u00fcn zenginli\u011fin kayna\u011f\u0131 de\u011fildir. Do\u011fa da, t\u0131pk\u0131, bir do\u011fa g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn, insan emek-g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn deyimlenmesinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmayan emek gibi kullan\u0131m-de\u011ferlerinin (ve ku\u015fkusuz maddi zenginlik de bu de\u011ferlerden meydana gelir!) kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcmce, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n t\u00fcm okuma kitaplar\u0131nda vard\u0131r ve eme\u011fin ilgili nesnelerle ve ara\u00e7larla i\u015flev g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kastetmesi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde do\u011frudur. Ama bir sosyalist program, onlara anlam verebilecek ko\u015fullar\u0131 sessizce ge\u00e7i\u015ftiren bu t\u00fcr burjuva t\u00fcmcelerine yer veremez. Ve insan, daha ba\u015f\u0131ndan, b\u00fct\u00fcn emek ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ve konular\u0131n\u0131n birincil kayna\u011f\u0131 olan do\u011faya kar\u015f\u0131 onun sahibi gibi hareket etti\u011fi, kendi mal\u0131ym\u0131\u015f gibi davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcdedir ki, onun eme\u011fi, kullan\u0131m-de\u011ferlerinin ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla zenginli\u011fin kayna\u011f\u0131 olur. Burjuvalar, yanl\u0131\u015f olarak, eme\u011fe do\u011fa-\u00fcst\u00fc yarat\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcklemeleri i\u00e7in pekiyi temellere sahiptir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc salt eme\u011fin do\u011faya ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131 olgusundan, emek-g\u00fcc\u00fcnden ba\u015fka bir m\u00fclkiyete sahip olmayan insan\u0131n, toplumun ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, eme\u011fin maddi ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n sahibi h\u00e2line gelen ba\u015fka insanlar\u0131n k\u00f6lesi olmak zorunda oldu\u011fu sonucu \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu insan, ancak onlar\u0131n izni ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da ancak onlar\u0131n izni ile ya\u015fayabilir.\u201d<\/em><\/a>[9]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kendilerinden sonra gelenlerin Marksizm\u2019in bu vurgusunu g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmi\u015f olmalar\u0131, onun kurucular\u0131n\u0131n hakk\u0131n\u0131 vermeye engel olmamal\u0131, diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu, \u201cpost-\u201c s\u00f6ylemlerinin ortal\u0131\u011f\u0131 kas\u0131p kavurdu\u011fu bir yolunu yitirmi\u015flik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda, \u201cyeni\/neo-\u201d tak\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n aldat\u0131c\u0131 p\u0131r\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131ndan a\u011fz\u0131 yanm\u0131\u015f bir \u201cdinozor\u201dun \u201cyo\u011furdu \u00fcfleyerek yeme\u201d uyar\u0131s\u0131 sadece\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0130BEL \u00d6ZBUDUN<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N O T L A R<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[*]<\/sup><\/a> Kald\u0131ra\u00e7 Dergisi, No:275, Haziran 2024\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> Hubert Reeves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>[2]<\/sup><\/a> Karl Marx, Kapital, Sermayenin \u00dcretim S\u00fcreci, Cilt: I, \u00e7ev: Alaattin Bilgi, Sol Yay., 1965, s.480-482.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>[3]<\/sup><\/a> Karl Marx, Formen-Kapitalist \u00dcretim \u00d6ncesi Bi\u00e7imler, \u00e7ev: Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 Yay\u0131n Kurulu, Sol Yay., 1997, s.20-21.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>[4]<\/sup><\/a> Friedrich Engels, Do\u011fan\u0131n Diyalekti\u011fi, \u00e7ev: Arif Gelen, Sol Yay., 1970.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>[5]<\/sup><\/a> Temel Demirer, \u201cKapitalist Ekolojik Y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n Panzehiri Marksizm\u201d, Rojnameya Newroz,<\/em> 01.05.2024, https:\/\/rojnameyanewroz3.com\/kapitalist-ekolojik-yikimin-panzehiri-marksizm\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>[6]<\/sup><\/a> Fikret Ba\u015fkaya, Uygarl\u0131k Paradigmas\u0131n\u0131 De\u011fi\u015ftirmek, <\/em>Yordam Kitap, 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>[7]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cOxfam\u2019\u0131n son raporu (Ocak 2024), en zengin y\u00fczde 1\u2019lik kesim iki y\u0131lda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131ndan neredeyse iki kat daha fazla servete sahip!\u201d (s.19)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>[8]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cGoogle veri merkezlerinin so\u011futulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fcnde 4 milyon litre su kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Merkezlerin s\u00fcrekli geni\u015fletilmesi zorunlu. Projeler tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kullan\u0131lan g\u00fcnl\u00fck su miktar\u0131n\u0131n 16 milyon litreye \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 hesaplan\u0131yor.\u201d (ss.69-70)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>[9]<\/sup><\/a> Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels, Gotha ve Erfurt Programlar\u0131n\u0131n Ele\u015ftirisi, \u00e7ev: M. Kabagil, Sol Yay., 1969, s.14.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

KAP\u0130TAL\u0130ZM EME\u011e\u0130 S\u00d6M\u00dcR\u00dcYOR, YA\u015eAMI YOK ED\u0130YOR\u2026[*] \u201cDo\u011fa...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3511,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"manset":[],"class_list":["post-3510","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sectiklerimiz"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3510","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3510"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3510\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3512,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3510\/revisions\/3512"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3511"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3510"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3510"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3510"},{"taxonomy":"manset","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/manset?post=3510"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}