\u201cDevir bir k\u00f6t\u00fc devir<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, duyu\u015flar c\u0131l\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anlay\u0131\u015flar k\u0131t<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kimse kimseyi takm\u0131yor efendim\u201d[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Yirmi k\u00fcsur y\u0131l \u00f6nce; \u201cXXI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda fa\u015fizmi yeniden ele almak, zorunlu h\u00e2le geliyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda Komutan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Marcos\u2019un \u2018Neo-liberal fa\u015fistler\u2019, ya da Umberto Eco\u2019nun \u2018Ur Fa\u015fizm\u2019 diye betimledi\u011fi; ve \u00e7ok \u00f6nceleri Fran\u00e7ois Chatelet\u2019in, \u2018Fa\u015fizm \u00f6n\u00fcne indirgenmi\u015f liberal devlettir,\u2019 dedi\u011fi bir hakik\u00e2t var. Bu; V. \u0130. Lenin\u2019in, \u2018Mali sermaye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 gericili\u011fi\u2019nde dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fi d\u0131\u015ftalay\u0131c\u0131-otoriter devletlere [yani dolay\u0131s\u0131yla fa\u015fizm(ler)e] davetiye \u00e7\u0131karan yeni bir \u2018cinnet kesinti\u2019 midir?\u201d[2]<\/sup><\/a> diye dillendirdi\u011fim(iz) soru(n) giderek daha da g\u00fcncelleirken; her \u015fey gibi fa\u015fizmin de – Almanya, \u0130talya, \u0130spanya vd\u2019lerinden- m\u00fclhem bir haf\u0131zas\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve de g\u00fcncel (neo-) fa\u015fist deneylerin bir yenilenmeye denk d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cHaf\u0131za-i be\u015fer nisyan ile mal\u00fbld\u00fcr,\u201d deyi\u015fini fazla ciddiye almay\u0131n; sak\u0131n ola \u201cHaf\u0131za\u201d deyip ge\u00e7meyin; Miguel de Cervantes\u2019in, \u201cAh haf\u0131za, huzurumun can d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131!\u201d notunu d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc o, \u201cbilmek\u201d eylemini i\u015flevsel k\u0131lan m\u00fcthi\u015f bir zulad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Saul Below\u2019un, \u201cBellek hayatt\u0131r\u201d; Eloise Vera\u2019n\u0131n, \u201cBellek, can\u0131 nereye isterse oraya oturan bir k\u00f6pek gibidir\u201d; \u00c9douard Lev\u00e9\u2019nin, \u201cBellek de foto\u011fraflar gibi donduruyor an\u0131lar\u0131\u201d saptamalar\u0131yla m\u00fcsemma haf\u0131za; unutmayan\/ unutturmayan ili\u015fkilendirme sanat\u0131d\u0131r; insana aidiyet hissini verendir; elek, s\u00fczge\u00e7, prizmad\u0131r; ge\u00e7mi\u015fte ve gelecektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dc\u00e7 a\u015famaya sahip haf\u0131za; kodlama, depolama ve aray\u0131p-bulup-geri getirmeyle olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Haf\u0131za, ge\u00e7mi\u015fi saklama ve yeniden meydana getirmeyken; \u00f6\u011frenilmi\u015f ya da ya\u015fan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u0131 bilin\u00e7li olarak zihinde saklama g\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr; akl\u0131n bilgi, tecr\u00fcbe deposudur; unutamamak ve akl\u0131nda tutmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ge\u00e7(me)mi\u015fi \u015fimdiki zamanla birle\u015ftirip, i\u015flevsel h\u00e2le getirmektir; ate\u015f gibidir, bazen yakar bazen de ayd\u0131nlat\u0131r; se\u00e7er, tercih eder, eler, de\u011fi\u015ftirir, abart\u0131r, hafifletir, siler, vurgular ve sonunda kendi ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini yarat\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Haf\u0131za statik bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Her yeni \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimiz bilgi daha \u00f6nce bildi\u011fimiz \u015feyler \u00fczerinde de az veya \u00e7ok bir etki yapar. Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yeni olaylar hat\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z eski olaylar\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Hat\u0131ralar\u0131m\u0131z zaman i\u00e7inde kendi tercih etti\u011fimiz bi\u00e7imde haf\u0131zada, ak\u0131lda yer eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Oscar Wilde\u2019in tan\u0131m\u0131yla: \u201cHaf\u0131za,\u2026 kaydeden g\u00fcnl\u00fckt\u00fcr\u201d; insan benli\u011finin not defteri, ajandas\u0131d\u0131r; \u00f6zg\u00fcveni \u0131srarla besleyen g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr; savunma mekanizmas\u0131d\u0131r; gidilen yere ta\u015f\u0131nan \u015feydir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ya da Raymond Queneau\u2019ya g\u00f6re, \u201cGelece\u011fi bombalamak isteyen bir zaman siperi\u201ddir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bar\u0131\u015f B\u0131\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, \u201cHi\u00e7bir \u015fey g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, hatta ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi de\u011fil. Her \u015fey hat\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi!\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc haf\u0131zaya harika bir at\u0131ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Deneyimi zaman i\u00e7inde ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesi olarak haf\u0131za u\u00e7suz bir bah\u00e7edir; neresi sulan\u0131rsa oras\u0131 verim verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cHaf\u0131za, hat\u0131rlama ve unutma \u015feklinde i\u015fler. Yani haf\u0131za yaln\u0131zca hat\u0131rlama de\u011fil unutmad\u0131r da ayn\u0131 zamanda. \u0130\u015fin bu y\u00f6n\u00fc nedense pek \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaz. Neyi hat\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n veya neyi unuttu\u011fun asl\u0131nda senin kim oldu\u011funu belirler. Neyi hat\u0131rl\u0131yorsun ve neyi unutuyorsun\u2026 Haf\u0131zada geri \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lma, hat\u0131rlama, \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131m diye bir \u015fey var. Bir kalemi g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsun, \u00e7ocuklu\u011fundan bir \u015fey hat\u0131rl\u0131yorsun. Yirmi y\u0131ld\u0131r \u00f6yle bir an\u0131n yok asl\u0131nda. Unuttu\u011fun bir \u015feydi. \u0130\u015fte bunlar\u0131n hepsi benli\u011fi, ki\u015fili\u011fi, bilinci olu\u015fturur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla haf\u0131za bilinci in\u015fa eder.\u201d[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cHaf\u0131zam\u0131zda her \u00e7e\u015fit \u015fey bulunur; haf\u0131zam\u0131z, bir t\u00fcr eczane, bir t\u00fcr kimya labarotuvar\u0131d\u0131r, elimize tesad\u00fcfen sakinle\u015ftirici bir ila\u00e7 da ge\u00e7ebilir, tehlikeli bir zehir de.\u201d[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n * * * * *<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fa\u015fist haf\u0131zan\u0131n tazelendi\u011fi koordinatlar herkese, tekelci-kapitalist d\u00fczenekte fa\u015fizmin hi\u00e7bir yere gitmedi\u011fini, k\u0131sa bir antrakt (film aras\u0131) verdi\u011fini -hi\u00e7 ama hi\u00e7- unutmamal\u0131 ve kapitalist mant\u0131k(s\u0131zl\u0131k)ta bunun hep b\u00f6yle kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kulaklara k\u00fcpe etmeli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kolay m\u0131? \u0130bn-i Haldun, \u201cGe\u00e7mi\u015fler gelece\u011fe, suyun suya benzemesinden daha \u00e7ok benzer\u201d diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131!<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bat\u0131 Almanya Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Willy Brandt 7 Aral\u0131k 1970\u2019te Var\u015fova Gettosu An\u0131t\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde diz \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcp Yahudilerden \u00f6z\u00fcr dilemi\u015f ve II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndaki yay\u0131lmac\u0131 politikas\u0131yla on milyonlarca Musevi\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sorumlu Almanya\u2019n\u0131n rol\u00fcn\u00fc sorgulayan ve \u00f6z ele\u015ftiri veren Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Frank Walter de, \u201cKatiller, bek\u00e7iler, i\u015fbirlik\u00e7ileri, hepsi Alman\u2019d\u0131,\u201d[5]<\/sup><\/a> demesine demi\u015fti ya! Kiminle, nereye kadar y\u00fczle\u015filmi\u015fti ki!?<\/p>\n\n\n\n An\u0131msay\u0131n: \u201cHitler sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, ba\u015fta yarg\u0131\u00e7lar olmak \u00fczere Nazilere devlet kat\u0131nda hizmet veren cellatlar, toplama kamp\u0131 g\u00f6revlileri, gazeteciler, ordu mensuplar\u0131 ve muhbir vatanda\u015flar i\u015fledikleri su\u00e7lardan dolay\u0131 -ki bunlara y\u00fczlerce ki\u015fiye bir celsede verilen idam cezalar\u0131 ve bu cezalar\u0131n hi\u00e7 vakit kaybemeden infaz\u0131 da dahil- yarg\u0131land\u0131lar. Hepsi de su\u00e7suz olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylediler. Devletin yasalar\u0131n\u0131 uygulam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Toplama kamp\u0131 i\u015fkencecileri ise her nedense yapt\u0131klar\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi hat\u0131rlam\u0131yorlard\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n O g\u00fcnlere ayna tutan Helmut Ortner, \u201cNazilerin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumsal tahribat\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn boyutlar\u0131yla yans\u0131t\u0131rken sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda yarg\u0131lan\u0131p ceza alsalar bile Nazi art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n cezalar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l affedildi\u011fini, emekli ayl\u0131klar\u0131 ve edindikleri m\u00fclklerle nas\u0131l rahat bir hayat s\u00fcrmeye devam ettiklerini Alman toplumunun Hitler d\u00f6neminde i\u015flenen su\u00e7larla y\u00fczle\u015fmekten nas\u0131l ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u015fekilde g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serer,\u201d[6]<\/sup><\/a> derken tam da bu hakik\u00e2te dikkat \u00e7eker!<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kimsenin bir an dahi \u015f\u00fcphesi olmas\u0131n: \u201cAlman burjuvazisi hep tutarl\u0131 olmu\u015f, gerici \u00e7izgisinden hi\u00e7 taviz vermemi\u015ftir: 1848\/49\u2019da demokratik devrimi savunmak yerine \u00f6nce Bismarck\u2019\u0131n ve sonra 1871\u2019de I. Wilhelm\u2019in \u00f6n\u00fcnde dize geldi\u011finde; XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda gerek s\u00f6m\u00fcrge b\u00f6lgelerinde, gerek 1914\u2019de, gerekse de 1933 ve devam\u0131nda her t\u00fcrl\u00fc burjuva medeni de\u011ferlerini ayaklar alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda; 1945 sonras\u0131 NSDAP fa\u015fistlerini devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131na entegre etti\u011finde ve milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u015foven demagojileri k\u00f6r\u00fckledi\u011finde de!\u201d[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Fa\u015fizm, tekelci kapitalizmin m\u00fctemmim c\u00fcz\u00fc ve her kriz momentinde yeniden devreye soktu\u011fu vazge\u00e7emedi\u011fi asl\u00ee enstr\u00fcman\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n * * * * *<\/p>\n\n\n\n S\u00f6z konusu hik\u00e2yenin Almanya versiyonuna ya da iktidara geli\u015finin\/ getirili\u015finin se\u00e7im yoluyla oldu\u011fu Adolf Hitler\u2019in rol\u00fcne g\u00f6z atmakta yarar var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1889\u2019da kuzey Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n Braunau \u015fehrinde bir g\u00fcmr\u00fck memurunun o\u011flu olarak do\u011fan Hitler, ilk\u00f6\u011frenimini do\u011fdu\u011fu \u015fehirde bitirdikten sonra, orta \u00f6\u011frenimine Linz \u015fehrinde ba\u015flad\u0131. Ressam olmak istiyordu. Okuldaki klasik derslerle ilgili de\u011fildi. Daha \u00e7ok resimle me\u015fgul oluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Babas\u0131n\u0131n -1903\u2019te- \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden bir s\u00fcre sonra in\u015faat i\u015f\u00e7isi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sonra Viyana\u2019ya ge\u00e7ti. Oradaki G\u00fczel Sanatlar Akademisi\u2019ne yaz\u0131lmak i\u00e7in s\u0131navlara girdi, kazanamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yine de resim yapmaya devam etti. O yolla para kazanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Sonra M\u00fcnih\u2019e ge\u00e7ti. 1914\u2019te Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak Bavyera ordusuna kat\u0131ld\u0131. Onba\u015f\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sava\u015fta yaraland\u0131. Madalya ald\u0131. Sava\u015ftan sonra ise siyasete ilgisi artt\u0131. \u00d6nce \u2018Alman \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi\u2019 ad\u0131ndaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir partiye girdi. Orada topluluklara hitap etmekte ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu saptand\u0131. Partide y\u00fckseldi. Sonu\u00e7ta partinin ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu. Partisi\u2019nin ad\u0131na \u2018Nasyonal sosyalist\u2019 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ekledi. T\u00fcrk\u00e7esiyle \u2018Milli Sosyalist Alman \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi\u2019 oldu ad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2018Nazi\u2019 ad\u0131, o ad\u0131n Almancadaki s\u00f6zlerinden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Almanca ad, \u2018Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei\u2019 idi. (K\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u0131: NSDAP)… Partinin yanda\u015flar\u0131na k\u0131saca \u2018Nazi\u2019 denilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Partinin h\u00fccum hedefleri, d\u0131\u015fta-Almanya\u2019ya kabul ettirdikleri a\u011f\u0131r bar\u0131\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla-Fransa ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 galipleriydi. \u0130\u00e7erdeki hedefler ise \u201cYahudiler\u201d ile \u201ckom\u00fcnistler\u201d idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yahudiler, \u0131rklar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden su\u00e7lu say\u0131l\u0131yordu, kom\u00fcnistler de siyasal g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri y\u00fcz\u00fcnden…<\/p>\n\n\n\n Art\u0131k Almanya \u00c2ri \u0131rk\u0131n yurdu olmas\u0131 nedeniyle d\u00fcnyaya h\u00fckmetmeyi hedefleyen bir misyon \u00fcstleniyordu. Do\u011fu\u015ftan demagog olan ve tipik \u201cs\u0131n\u0131r ki\u015filik\u201d \u00f6zellikleri g\u00f6steren Hitler, alt orta s\u0131n\u0131ftan beslenen kadrolar\u0131yla bi\u00e7imlenen partisi ve onun 1932\u2019de yar\u0131m milyon ki\u015fiye ula\u015fan \u201cparamiliter kolu f\u0131rt\u0131na birlikleri\u201dnin (SA) vah\u015fi sokak eylemleriyle iktidara y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tabii, \u201ckom\u00fcnistler\u201d denilince, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n \u201csosyal demokrat\u201dlar\u0131 da kom\u00fcnistlerin yolda\u015flar\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131yor ve \u201cvatan haini\u201d s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na sokuluyordu. Onlarla birlikte de, siyasal yelpazenin \u201csol\u201dunda olduklar\u0131 varsay\u0131lan t\u00fcm ki\u015filer…<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hitler\u2019in ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki NSDAP, k\u0131sa zamanda b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. 1924\u2019te Bavyera\u2019da, haz\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131z -ve biraz da \u00e7ocuk\u00e7a- bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet darbesi giri\u015fiminde bulundu. Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n Hitler tutukland\u0131. Hapse mahk\u00fbm oldu. Bir y\u0131l kadar cezaevinde kald\u0131. Fakat cezaevinin \u015fartlar\u0131 iyiydi. Orada, kendisi gibi hapsedilen arkada\u015flar\u0131na dikte ederek olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u2018Mein Kampf\/ Kavgam\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hitler\u2019in, 1923\u2019teki \u2018Birahane Darbesi\u2019 giri\u015fiminden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc tutukland\u0131ktan sonra yerle\u015ftirildi\u011fi Landsberg Cezaevi\u2019ndeki rahat ko\u015fullarda ge\u00e7en hapislik d\u00f6nemindeki \u201c\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d \u2018Kavgam\u2019 -yar\u0131 cahil biri taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n diye sonradan elden ge\u00e7irilirken-, \u0131rklar ve bireyler aras\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizli\u011fin do\u011fal d\u00fczenin de\u011fi\u015fmez \u00f6zelli\u011fi oldu\u011funu vurguluyor ve \u201cinsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak nitelenen \u2018\u00c2ri \u0131rk\u2019 g\u00f6klere \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131yordu\u201d\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2018Kavgam\u2019daki Hitler\u2019e bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, demokratik y\u00f6netimlerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131, bireylerin e\u015fit oldu\u011fu ve halk\u0131n kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyabilece\u011fi varsay\u0131m\u0131na dayanmas\u0131yd\u0131. Mutlak otoriteye sahip olan F\u00fchrer, halk\u0131n birli\u011fini sa\u011flayabilecek tek g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fc. Nasyonal Sosyalizmin en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131, enternasyonalizmi savunan Marksizm\u2019di. Marksizm\u2019den sonraki en b\u00fcy\u00fck tehlike ise, \u201c\u00c2ri \u0131rk\u0131 kirleten Yahudiler\u201ddi\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hitler\u2019in yalanlar ve ahmakl\u0131klarla dolu yap\u0131t\u0131na ilk ba\u015fta verdi\u011fi ad \u201cYalanlara, Ahmakl\u0131\u011fa ve Korkakl\u0131\u011fa Kar\u015f\u0131 D\u00f6rt Bu\u00e7uk Y\u0131ll\u0131k Kavga\u201d idi. Ama kitab\u0131 basacak olan Franz Eher Verlag\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Max Amann, bu ad\u0131 \u00e7ok uzun bulmu\u015f; Hitler\u2019i, kitab\u0131n \u201cKavgam\u201d ad\u0131yla yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 konusunda ikna etmi\u015fti.[8]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Sonras\u0131nda ise III. Reich 1934 sonbahar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcteakip, \u201cYaz\u0131l\u0131 olan ya da olmayan herhangi bir anayasaya sahip de\u011fildi; ne devletin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc vatanda\u015flar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131rlayan temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri tan\u0131yor ve uyguluyordu ne de en zaruri d\u00fczeyde bile olsa bir anayasay\u0131. Yani farkl\u0131 devlet organlar\u0131n\u0131n yetkilerini birbirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan ve bunlar\u0131n faaliyetlerinin mant\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde birbirine eklemlenmesini sa\u011flayan bir t\u00fcr i\u00e7 y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi haizdi. Tam aksine, Hitler bilerek ve isteyerek en farkl\u0131 m\u00fcstakil muktedirlerin herhangi bir s\u0131n\u0131r olmaks\u0131z\u0131n birbiriyle rekabet i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu, yollar\u0131n\u0131n kesi\u015fti\u011fi, yan yana ve kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya durduktan ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n tepesinde de sadece kendisinin olabildi\u011fi bir stat\u00fcko yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sadece bu \u015fekilde sahip olmak istedi\u011fi, b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6nlerde s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z, mutlak hareket \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flama alabilirdi.\u201d[9]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6yle de oldu; Hitler, Mussolini\u2019nin \u2018Karag\u00f6mlekliler\u2019 toplulu\u011funu and\u0131ran SA (Sturmabteilung) birliklerini kurdu. (Sturm, Almanca\u2019da hem h\u00fccum, hem de f\u0131rt\u0131na anlam\u0131na geliyor.) SA birliklerinin resmi g\u00f6revi, \u201cpartinin toplant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemek ve korumak\u201dt\u0131. Ama bu, fiilen, ba\u015fka gruplara ve ki\u015filere kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar d\u00fczenlemek anlam\u0131n\u0131 da ta\u015f\u0131yordu.[10]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n * * * * *<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu hik\u00e2yenin \u00f6teki yan\u0131 da Hitler\u2019in partisi idi ve o gelenek Almanya\u2019n\u0131n genel se\u00e7imlerine 1924\u2019den ba\u015flayarak kat\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130ki se\u00e7imin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 o y\u0131l\u0131n May\u0131s\u2019\u0131nda, \u00f6nce y\u00fczde 6.5 oran\u0131na ula\u015farak 32 milletvekili \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Ama 7 Aral\u0131k\u2019taki ikinci se\u00e7imde oy oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 3\u2019e, milletvekili say\u0131s\u0131 14\u2019e indi. 1928\u2019de ise o oran y\u00fczde 2.6\u2019ya, milletvekili say\u0131s\u0131 ise 12\u2019ye d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Daha sonra ise 1929 d\u00fcnya ekonomik buhran\u0131yla birlikte ba\u015flayan b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fsizlik dalgas\u0131n\u0131n da etkisiyle, partinin oy oran\u0131 ve milletvekili say\u0131s\u0131, h\u0131zla y\u00fckselmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.1932\u2019nin 6 Kas\u0131m\u2019\u0131ndaki se\u00e7imde oy oran\u0131 37.27\u2019ye, milletvekili say\u0131s\u0131 230\u2019a kadar y\u00fckseldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n ikinci se\u00e7iminde o say\u0131lar d\u00fc\u015fse de, Hitler\u2019in partisi, Meclis i\u00e7inde, gene en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc parti h\u00e2line gelmi\u015fti. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Mare\u015fal Hindenburg, Hitler\u2019i bir koalisyon h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kurmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011fa tayin etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1919 tarihli Alman Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin anayasas\u0131na g\u00f6re, cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n yetkileri geni\u015fti. Gerekli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zamanlarda, anayasan\u0131n baz\u0131 maddelerini y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131p, \u201cCumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 kararnamesi\u201d \u00e7\u0131karma yetkisi vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sonu\u00e7ta, \u00fclkedeki siyasi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalardan ve son olarak \u00e7\u0131kan \u00fcnl\u00fc Reichstag (Alman Parlamentosu) yang\u0131n\u0131ndan sonra, koalisyon H\u00fck\u00fcmeti Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Hitler, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Hindenburg\u2019u, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkiler kullanmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n veren kararnameleri \u00e7\u0131karmaya ikna etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 6 Mart 1933\u2019te yap\u0131lan yeni se\u00e7imler, o kararnameye g\u00f6re milletvekilleri dahil, \u015f\u00fcpheli g\u00f6r\u00fclen herkesin tutuklanabilmesine imk\u00e2n veren yetkilerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ve daha bir\u00e7ok bask\u0131 \u00f6nlemi al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6lgesi alt\u0131nda yapd\u0131. Sonu\u00e7ta Hitler\u2019in partisi oylar\u0131n y\u00fczde 43.9\u2019unu ald\u0131. Alman Meclisi\u2019nin 647 \u00fcyeli\u011finden 288\u2019ini kazanarak birinci parti oldu. Ve Meclis\u2019te kendisine yak\u0131n sa\u011fc\u0131 partilerin de katk\u0131s\u0131yla mutlak \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu elde etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ger\u00e7i, se\u00e7ime milletvekili aday\u0131 olarak kat\u0131lan politikac\u0131lar\u0131ndan bir k\u0131sm\u0131 (o arada Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin 81 milletvekili ile Sosyal Demokrat Parti\u2019nin 20 milletvekili) tutuklu olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in toplant\u0131ya kat\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama kat\u0131lsalar bile sonu\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmeyecekti. Hitler, h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kurma yetkisi ald\u0131ktan ba\u015fka, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n temel h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini de fiilen de\u011fi\u015ftiren genel bir ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l kanunu \u00e7\u0131karma imk\u00e2n\u0131 buldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n O kanun yoluyla, t\u00fcm kanunlar\u0131 Meclis yerine h\u00fck\u00fcmet olarak (fiilen Ba\u015fbakan olarak, tek ba\u015f\u0131na) \u00e7\u0131karma yetkisi dahil, bir\u00e7ok yetkiyi kendisinde toplad\u0131. Ve Nazi Partisi\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki siyasi partiler ile bir k\u0131s\u0131m dernekleri ve yay\u0131n organlar\u0131 dahil, bir\u00e7ok kurum ve kurulu\u015fu kapatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra par\u00e7alanan Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ortadan kalkmas\u0131ndan sonra, imparatorluk topraklar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkent Viyana \u00e7evresindeki bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Avusturya h\u00e2line gelmi\u015fti. Kendisi de do\u011fu\u015ftan Avusturyal\u0131 olan Hitler, o \u00fclkenin vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Alman oldu\u011funu, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla topraklar\u0131n\u0131n da Almanya\u2019ya ge\u00e7mesi gerekti\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu konu Avusturya vatanda\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131yd\u0131. Ama konu, \u00e7e\u015fitli a\u015famalardan ge\u00e7tikten sonra, Alman gizli ve a\u00e7\u0131k servislerinin etkisi ve bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda, Hitler lehine sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Hitler\u2019in ordular\u0131, bir sabah vakti harekete ge\u00e7ti. Avusturya\u2019ya girdi. \u00dclke, Almanya\u2019ya kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hitler\u2019in bir ba\u015fka hedefi, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n kom\u015fusu \u00c7ekoslovakya\u2019n\u0131n S\u00fcdet b\u00f6lgesinin Almanya\u2019ya kat\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131. Bu da sava\u015fa gerek kalmadan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc. O \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u015f\u00f6yle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hitler, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda olu\u015fturulan \u00c7ekoslovakya\u2019n\u0131n S\u00fcdet b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n Alman olduklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek o b\u00f6lgenin Almanya\u2019ya kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hitler\u2019in yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in bar\u0131\u015f yollar\u0131n\u0131 deneyen \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fbakanlar\u0131 Chamberlain ile Daladier, o konuyu Hitler ile konu\u015fmay\u0131 kabul etti. \u0130ki ba\u015fbakan Almanya\u2019ya geldiler. Hitler de, kendisine yak\u0131n bir politikac\u0131 olarak Mussolini\u2019yi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00f6rt politik lider olarak \u00c7ekoslovakya konusunu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler. Ve Hitler\u2019i hakl\u0131 buldular. \u00c7ekoslovakya h\u00fck\u00fcmetine sormaya bile gerek duymadan, Hitler\u2019e \u201cTamam\u201d dediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hitler de hemen hareket etti. \u00c7ekoslovakya\u2019n\u0131n S\u00fcdet b\u00f6lgesini i\u015fgal etti. \u00c7ekler, buna fazla ses \u00e7\u0131karmad\u0131lar. O konu da bitti. (Bir s\u00fcre sonra Hitler, \u00c7ekoslovakya\u2019n\u0131n \u00c7ek b\u00f6lgesinin geri kalan\u0131n\u0131 da i\u015fgal alt\u0131na ald\u0131ktan ba\u015fka, Slovakya b\u00f6lgesinde de kendisinin etkisi alt\u0131nda bir devlet kurduracakt\u0131.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sonra Mussolini\u2019nin yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n hepsini yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ertesi y\u0131l -1934\u2019te- Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Hindenburg \u00f6l\u00fcnce, onun da yetkilerini \u00fcstlendi. Tam bir \u201ctek adam rejimi\u201d kurdu. Kendisini Almanya\u2019n\u0131n \u201cF\u00fchrer\u201di (lideri) ilan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1938 sonbahar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, Hitler art\u0131k, \u00fclkedeki kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z egemenli\u011fini peki\u015ftirmi\u015f ve d\u0131\u015f politikadaki yay\u0131lmac\u0131 ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[11]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n * * * * *<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nazizmin \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 politikas\u0131 hak hukuk kavram\u0131n\u0131 (burjuva anlamda da) alt \u00fcst ederken; Adolf Hitler\u2019in 1933\u2019te iktidara geli\u015fiyle kurulan Gestapo (\u201cGeheime Staatspolizei\/ Gizli Devlet Polisi\u201d), Nazi diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn de temel ta\u015flar\u0131ndan biriydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1933\u2019te \u201cReich Mare\u015fali\u201d Hermann G\u00f6ring\u2019ce kurulan Gestapo\u2019nun girmedi\u011fi ve s\u0131zmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 makam ve mek\u00e2n, izlemeye ve sorgulamaya alamayaca\u011f\u0131 kurum ve ki\u015fi yoktu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bunun i\u00e7in herhangi bir su\u00e7un i\u015flenmesi veya kan\u0131t bulunmas\u0131 gerekmiyordu ve aranm\u0131yordu. Zaten gerek Almanya\u2019da gerekse Nazi i\u015fgali alt\u0131ndaki \u00f6teki b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a F\u00fchrer\u2019den yana olmayan, ona en ufak bir ele\u015ftiri y\u00f6nelten b\u00fct\u00fcn ki\u015fi ve kurumlar \u201cpotansiyel su\u00e7lu\u201d ve \u201cvatan haini\u201d say\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131ndan, Gestapo\u2019nun yetkileri de s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131zd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir mant\u0131k(s\u0131zl\u0131k) olarak Gestapo\u2019nun her an her yerde haz\u0131r ve naz\u0131r oldu\u011fu III. Reich\u2019da Adolf Hitler yarg\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131na \u015fu emrini vermi\u015fti: \u201cSizin kar\u015f\u0131n\u0131za gelen ki\u015fi ya da ki\u015filer su\u00e7ludurlar. Siz burada yasa maddesine bakmak, tan\u0131k aramak, kan\u0131t bulmak zorunda de\u011filsiniz. Sizin g\u00f6reviniz, \u2019\u015eimdi burada F\u00fchrer otursa ne karar verirdi?\u2019 diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcp karar vermektir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fa\u015fist Almanya yarg\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131 da ona g\u00f6re karar vermi\u015flerdi!<\/p>\n\n\n\n Stefan Zweig\u2019\u0131n ifadesiyle, \u201cHitler\u2019in en korkun\u00e7 su\u00e7u, yalan\u0131 ve aldatmay\u0131 sayg\u0131n bir konuma getirmi\u015f olmas\u0131 ve binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r su\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u015feylerin devlet sanat\u0131 ve ya\u015fam sanat\u0131 olarak kabul edilmesi\u201dyken;[12]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a01941-1945 kesitinde Naziler taraf\u0131ndan Sovyet sava\u015f esirleri i\u00e7in kurulan kamplarda 5.7 milyon K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu askerinden 3.1 ila 3.3 milyon aras\u0131 Stalag ad\u0131 verilen kamplarda katledildi;[13]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Yahudi ve \u00c7ingeneler ile Kom\u00fcnist ve muhaliflerin ba\u015f\u0131na gelenler malumdu.[14]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak yine de 17 ya\u015f\u0131nda gen\u00e7 bir Polonyal\u0131 Yahudi olan Herschel Grynszpan\u2019\u0131n 7 Kas\u0131m 1938\u2019de, Paris\u2019te bir Alman diplomat\u0131n\u0131 vurmas\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan Naziler, 9 Kas\u0131m\u2019\u0131 10 Kas\u0131m\u2019a ba\u011flayan gece, Yahudilere ait ne kadar ev, i\u015fyeri ve sinagog varsa hepsini ayn\u0131 anda ate\u015fe verdi\u011fi \u2018Kristal Gece\u2019yi hat\u0131rlatmakta fayda var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak an\u0131lan kristal pogrom\/ k\u0131yam gecesinde 91 Yahudi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, binlercesi a\u011f\u0131r yaralanm\u0131\u015f, 7 bin 500 i\u015fyeri ya\u011fmalanm\u0131\u015f, 177 sinagog ate\u015fe verilmi\u015f ve Yahudi mezarlar\u0131 dahi tahrip edilmi\u015fti. Berlin\u2019den Viyana\u2019ya, Hamburg\u2019dan Stuttgart\u2019a kadar \u00e7ok say\u0131da kent barbarlar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131m ve talan\u0131na sahne oldu. 30 binden fazla Yahudi ise tutuklanarak toplama kamplar\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcme g\u00f6nderildi. B\u00f6ylelikle tekellerin deste\u011finde Almanya\u2019y\u0131 kan g\u00f6l\u00fcne \u00e7eviren Hitler bir korku imparatorlu\u011fu yarat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cHitler\u2019in y\u00fckseldi\u011fi zeminin \u2018sa\u011flam temeli\u2019ne\u201d dikkat \u00e7eken Klaus P. Fischer\u2019e g\u00f6re, bu temel \u201cSosyal Darwinizm, antikom\u00fcnizm ve antisemitizm\u2019e dayan\u0131yordu.[15]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n * * * * *<\/p>\n\n\n\n Asl\u0131 sorulursa 1918\u2019de kurulan ve on be\u015f y\u0131l ya\u015fayan Weimar Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin tarihi, ayn\u0131 zamanda Nasyonal Sosyalist Parti\u2019nin devlet iktidar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesi; Bertolt Brecht\u2019in \u2018Arturo Ui\u2019nin \u00d6nlenebilir Y\u00fckseli\u015fi\u2019 diye betimledi\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7ti ve s\u00f6z konusu s\u00fcrecin yedi \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi \u015fuydu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n i) Sa\u011f pop\u00fclizm ve \u00c7o\u011funluk Rejimi: Nazi rejimi, demokratik se\u00e7im sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ile kuruldu. Onba\u015f\u0131 Hitler\u2019in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devlet kurarak toplumu i\u00e7inde debelendi\u011fi sorunlardan kurtarma vaadi, her se\u00e7imde hem orta s\u0131n\u0131flardan hem de yoksul tabakadan daha \u00e7ok oy almas\u0131na neden oldu. Hitler 1933 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fbakan oldu. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra, A\u011fustos 1934\u2019te bir referanduma giderek \u201cba\u015fkanl\u0131k sistemi\u201d kurdu. Bundan sonra se\u00e7im yap\u0131lmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n ii) Reichstag Yang\u0131n\u0131 ve Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l ilan\u0131: 27 \u015eubat 1933\u2019te Alman Parlamentosu Reichstag\u2019da yang\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve bir \u201ckalk\u0131\u015fma giri\u015fimi\u201d olarak de\u011ferlendirilerek Nazilerin en \u00f6nemli rakibi Kom\u00fcnistlerin yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 ilan edilmesi sonucunu getirdi. Bu yap\u0131l\u0131rken, \u201cOla\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc H\u00e2l\u201d ilan edildi; ki\u015fi hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri ask\u0131ya al\u0131narak toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fleri yasakland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n iii) Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k Yetkileri ve Muhalefetin Yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u0130lan Edilmesi: Naziler y\u00fczde 33 ila 40 civar\u0131nda bir n\u00fcfusun oyuna sahip olmakla birlikte, geriye kalan geni\u015f kitlelerin g\u00f6z\u00fcnde iktidarlar\u0131n\u0131 me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmakta zorlan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu durumda siyasal muhalefeti \u015fiddet yoluyla bask\u0131 alt\u0131na alma yoluna gittiler.. Hitler, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l yetkilerini ki\u015fiselle\u015ftirerek \u201ckanun h\u00fckm\u00fcnde kararnameleri\u201d kendisinin \u00e7\u0131karaca\u011f\u0131 bir sistemin Parlamentodan ge\u00e7mesini sa\u011flad\u0131. B\u00f6ylelikle se\u00e7ilmi\u015f milletvekilleri hakk\u0131nda tutuklama emri \u00e7\u0131karabiliyor ve parlamentoda tutuklanmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabiliyordu. Sosyal Demokrat Parti de bir s\u00fcre sonra yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 ilan edilerek malvarl\u0131klar\u0131na el kondu, milletvekilleri ve ard\u0131ndan \u00fcyeleri kitleler h\u00e2linde tutukland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n iv) Parti i\u00e7i tasfiyeler ve Uzun B\u0131\u00e7akl\u0131lar Gecesi: Hitler, \u00f6nce partinin \u00fcst kademelerinde kendine rakip olacak isimleri tasfiye etti. Sonra, partisinin iktidara geli\u015finde kendisine en b\u00fcy\u00fck hizmetleri sunmu\u015f olan SA birliklerinin eleba\u015flar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir operasyona giri\u015fti. 30 Haziran-2 Temmuz 1934 aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ve Uzunb\u0131\u00e7akl\u0131lar Gecesi diye bilinen bu operasyonda SA komutan\u0131, Hitler\u2019in ba\u015fdan\u0131\u015fmanlar\u0131 ve Nazi milletvekilleri de dahil olmak \u00fczere onlarca ki\u015fi ev bask\u0131nlar\u0131yla tutukland\u0131 ve kur\u015funa dizildi. Hitler, bu operasyonlar\u0131 Alman Genelkurmay\u0131\u2019na yapt\u0131rd\u0131. Alman ordusu art\u0131k onu ba\u015fkomutan olarak tan\u0131yordu. B\u00f6ylelikle Nasyonal Sosyalist Parti de fiilen ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131larak Hitler\u2019in \u015fahsi egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctleniyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n v) Yerel Y\u00f6netimlere Nazi Kayyum: Naziler, bir federasyon olan Almanya\u2019y\u0131 fiilen bir \u00fcniter devlete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Kendi partilerinden olmayan yerel y\u00f6neticileri g\u00f6revden al\u0131p tutuklayarak yerlerine \u201ckomiser\u201d atad\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylelikle bir \u201cein Volk, ein Reich, ein F\u00fchrer\/ Tek millet, tek bayrak, tek devlet\u201d rejimi kurulmu\u015f oldu\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n vi) Yahudi \u201cSorunu\u201d: Nazi s\u00f6yleminde 1933\u2019ten itibaren Nazi olmayan herkes \u201c\u00f6teki\u201dydi. Ama en b\u00fcy\u00fck fatura Yahudi halk\u0131na bi\u00e7ildi. Yahudilerin, d\u0131\u015f mihraklar\u0131n i\u00e7erideki i\u015fbirlik\u00e7ileri ya da Alman \u0131rk\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 komplo i\u00e7inde olan bir kesim oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131, toplumun geni\u015f kesimlerini ortak bir i\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015fmana kar\u015f\u0131 birle\u015ftiren bir nefret s\u00f6ylemi i\u015flevi g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Ekonomi, Devlet Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 ve Sava\u015f Sanayi: Nazi rejimi, Alman b\u00fcy\u00fck sermayesi ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde ekonomiyi d\u00fczeltme vaadiyle \u00f6nce b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 ve devlet destekli b\u00fcy\u00fck in\u015faat projelerine giri\u015fti. B\u00f6ylelikle en b\u00fcy\u00fck toplumsal rahats\u0131zl\u0131k olan i\u015fsizlik, bir s\u00fcre yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu. Bunun yan\u0131nda keskin bir militarist s\u00f6ylem e\u015fli\u011finde devasa bir sava\u015f sanayi kurulmaktayd\u0131. Sava\u015f sanayi, \u00f6nce b\u00f6lgesel sonra da k\u0131ta \u00e7ap\u0131nda sald\u0131rgan bir d\u0131\u015f politikay\u0131 gerekli k\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n vii) Yarg\u0131, \u00dcniversiteler ve Medya: Naziler, yarg\u0131y\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kararak partinin bir organ\u0131 h\u00e2line getirdiler. \u00dcniversiteleri \u201cYahudilerden ar\u0131nd\u0131rmak\u201d ad\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tasfiyeye giri\u015ftiler. Bir\u00e7ok akademisyen ve bilim insan\u0131 \u00fclkeden ayr\u0131lmak ya da hapsedilmek se\u00e7enekleriyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131. Medyada ise, propaganda bakan\u0131 Goebbels\u2019in operasyonlar\u0131yla tam bir tek seslilik sa\u011flad\u0131lar. Medya bir ileti\u015fim arac\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karak Nazi propaganda makinesi h\u00e2line geldi.[16]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n * * * * *<\/p>\n\n\n\n Halk iradesinin cisimle\u015fmi\u015f h\u00e2li olmay\u0131 ba\u015faran Adolf Hitler, \u201ckamusal hayat\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6nlerine n\u00fcfuz edecek bir devlet\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 dikte etmeyi ve 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en demokratik anayasalar\u0131ndan (yasalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fitli\u011fi, konu\u015fma, bas\u0131n, toplanma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, dinsel ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcy\u00fc, m\u00fclk sahibi olma hakk\u0131n\u0131, paras\u0131z devlet e\u011fitimi hakk\u0131n\u0131, h\u00e2kim teminat\u0131n\u0131 savunarak yurtta\u015fl\u0131k haklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alan) Weimar Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 nas\u0131l \u00e7\u00f6pe atabilmi\u015fti? Ve Alman halk\u0131n\u0131n, \u00e7o\u011funluk olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n demokratik g\u00fc\u00e7leri (liberaller, sosyalistler, sosyal demokratlar ve kom\u00fcnistler) b\u00f6yle bir yenilgiye nas\u0131l s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmi\u015flerdi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu konuda bir\u00e7ok \u015fey s\u0131ralanabilir; \u00f6rne\u011fin I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda Almanya\u2019ya dayat\u0131lan a\u011f\u0131r Versailles Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 benzersiz ekonomik y\u0131k\u0131m ve 1929 Buhran\u0131 asl\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir u\u00e7 partisinin \u00f6nderinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olamayacak olan Hitler\u2019i iktidara ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hitler, \u00c2ri (Aryan) \u0131rk\u0131n biyolojik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne inanan, kaba bir Darwinci bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 savunan, b\u00fct\u00fcn ad\u0131na karar verme yetkisi tek bir adamda toplanan, askeri bir komuta zinciri gibi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen Nazi Partisi\u2019yle Alman halk\u0131na yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f Bat\u0131 demokrasisi dedi\u011fi \u015feyin tersine bir \u201cAlman tipi demokrasi\u201dsini vaat etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu parti Hitler\u2019in Viyana y\u0131llar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi ve \u201csa\u011flam temel\u201d olarak kabul etti\u011fi sosyal Darwinizm, antikom\u00fcnizm ve antisemitizm \u00fc\u00e7genine ve \u201cher Alman ailesindeki baba F\u00fchrer\u2019e kadar inen dikey bir diktat\u00f6rl\u00fckle yetkilendirme sistemi\u201dne dayan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Almanya ulus-devlet olmay\u0131 ancak 1871\u2019de Prusya\u2019n\u0131n \u201cDemir \u015eans\u00f6lye\u201dsi Bismarck \u00f6nderli\u011finde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n Almanya\u2019y\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ckarnaval ceketi\u201d etiketinden kurtulmu\u015ftur. Ama militarist Prusya\u2019n\u0131n gelenekleri (otoriteye sayg\u0131, k\u00f6kle\u015fmi\u015f bir d\u00fczen duygusu) \u00e7o\u011fu zaman sivil de\u011ferlerle ba\u011fda\u015fm\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Prusyal\u0131 tarih\u00e7i Friedrich Meinecke Prusyal\u0131 ki\u015filikte biri Protestan vicdan\u0131ndan kaynaklanan k\u00fclt\u00fcre yatk\u0131n, \u00f6teki ise kat\u0131 bir askeri gelene\u011fin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan k\u00fclt\u00fcre d\u00fc\u015fman iki ruhun oldu\u011funu ifade eder.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1930\u2019larda Goethe\u2019nin ve romantik \u015fairlerinin Almanyas\u0131 yerini \u201cg\u00fc\u00e7 istencini\u201d kutsayan ve Alman halk\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cLebensraum\/ Hayat Alan\u0131\u201d talep eden (Hitler bir propaganda konu\u015fmas\u0131nda, \u201cBir Rus\u2019un bir Alman\u2019dan on sekiz kat daha fazla topra\u011fa sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131n adil olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d soruyordu) emperyalist ve yay\u0131lmac\u0131 Almanya\u2019ya b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hitler iktidar y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde mistik ve dini sembollerden yararland\u0131. \u201cHa\u00e7\u201d, \u201csvastika\u201dya (gamal\u0131 ha\u00e7) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc; rahip c\u00fcppelerinin yerini Nazi \u00fcniformalar\u0131; kilise ayinlerinin yerini \u0131\u015f\u0131k katedralleri alt\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen, Nazi selam\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rkemli bir bi\u00e7imde uygulayan dev kitlelerin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 parti toplant\u0131lar\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Asl\u0131 sorulursa, A. Kadir\u2019in (\u0130brahim Abd\u00fclkadir Meri\u00e7boyu) 1945\u2019de kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018Bir Diktat\u00f6r\u00fcn Son Konu\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndaki dizelerde, \u201cBen saltanat,\/ ben emir,\/ ben i\u015f\u00e7inin, k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn katili,\/ ben g\u00fcnde bir \u00f6v\u00fcn yemek,\/ ben ya\u015famamak,\/ konu\u015fmamak,\/ d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ben \u00f6l\u00fcm,\/ ben a\u00e7l\u0131k,\/ ben z\u0131ndan.\/ Ben yaral\u0131 bir Alman neferinin kaputu\/ Kastello Loretta Meydan\u0131nda sallanan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gidin,\/ Habe\u015f \u00e7ocuklar\u0131ndan sorun beni,\/ zehirli gaz g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm \u00e7ocuklara.\/ Hepsi kundaktayd\u0131lar o zaman\/ ve ya\u015famad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Neden bir \u00e7ocuk t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fcyor surat\u0131ma \u015fimdi,\/ neden insanlar ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor b\u00f6yle ak\u015fam ak\u015fam,\/ neden \u015fu kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6fkesi var\/ \u0131s\u0131racakm\u0131\u015f gibi?\/ Ve neden\/ elinde ba\u015fka bir bayrak ta\u015f\u0131yor \u015fu adam?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ben saltanat,\/ ben emir,\/ ben i\u015f\u00e7inin, k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn katili,\/ ben g\u00fcnde bir \u00f6v\u00fcn yemek,\/ ben ya\u015famamak,\/ konu\u015fmamak,\/ d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemek.\/ Roma sokaklar\u0131nda korku ben.\/ H\u00fcrriyetin bile\u011finde zincir ben.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ben, m\u00fcthi\u015f insan.\/ Kal\u00e7alar\u0131ndan kad\u0131nlar\u0131 ikiye b\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr,\/ erkeklerin g\u00f6zlerini oydururum.\/ Ellerim Klara\u2019n\u0131n memelerindeyken\/ at \u00fcst\u00fcndeymi\u015fim gibi cesur dururum,\u201d[20]<\/sup><\/a> diye tarif edilen \u0130talya\u2019daki hik\u00e2ye de Almanya\u2019dakini an\u0131msatmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Avrupa\u2019daki totaliter y\u00f6netim istekleri, ilk olarak \u0130talya\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. 1883 do\u011fumlu, meslek olarak \u00f6nce \u00f6\u011fretmenli\u011fi, sonra gazetecili\u011fi se\u00e7en, o arada siyasete de merak sal\u0131p \u00f6nce sosyalistli\u011fe, sonra sa\u011fc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelen Mussolini, 1921\u2019de kurdu\u011fu Ulusal Fa\u015fist Parti\u2019nin milletvekili olarak Meclis\u2019e girmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Kendisine s\u0131fat olarak \u2018II Duce\/ Lider\u2019 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc se\u00e7ti. \u0130talya ekonomisinin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcye u\u011framas\u0131 sonucunda \u00e7o\u011fu i\u015fsiz kalan gen\u00e7leri \u201cKarag\u00f6mlekliler\u201d grubu i\u00e7inde \u00f6rg\u00fctledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dcyeleri, siyah renkli g\u00f6mle\u011fi tercih eden grup, partinin vurucu g\u00fcc\u00fc h\u00e2line geldi, \u00fclke i\u00e7inde kitle hareketlerine ba\u015flad\u0131. Kom\u00fcnist gruplarla \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mussolini de parti lideri olarak, iktidara gelirse yapaca\u011f\u0131 i\u015fler hakk\u0131ndaki vaatlerini giderek art\u0131rd\u0131. Hedefi, sadece ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 gidermek de\u011fildi, \u0130talya\u2019ya eski Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun g\u00f6rkemli g\u00fcnlerini geri getirmeyi vaat ediyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1920\u2019ler \u0130talya\u2019s\u0131nda ekonomik bunal\u0131m, siyasal kriz, burjuvazinin \u201cdevrim\u201d korkusu ve liberal demokrasinin \u00e7aresizli\u011fi, fa\u015fizmin olu\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an ba\u015fl\u0131ca fakt\u00f6rlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1922\u2019de, \u0130talya\u2019da bir liberal h\u00fck\u00fcmet vard\u0131. \u00dclkede giderek artan sorunlar\u0131n ve toplumsal hareketlerin \u00fcstesinden gelemiyordu. Mussolini, Kral Viktor Emmanuel\u2019i \u201cBen bu i\u015fi ba\u015far\u0131r\u0131m\u201d diye ikna edince, Kral, yeni bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurma g\u00f6revini Mussolini\u2019ye verdi. Mussolini iktidara geldi\u011finde liberal bir tav\u0131r g\u00f6sterdi, h\u00fck\u00fcmetinde fa\u015fist olmayan 10 bakan vard\u0131. \u0130htiyatl\u0131 davran\u0131p diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hemen ilan etmedi, krall\u0131k kurumuna sesini y\u00fckseltmedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130talyan burjuvazisi, i\u015f\u00e7i hareketini ve grevleri bast\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla Mussolini ve fa\u015fist harekete parasal destek sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Fa\u015fistler, \u201ck\u0131z\u0131l tehlike\u201dyi bahane ederek solculara, sendika \u00f6nderlerine, sosyalist milletvekillerine sald\u0131r\u0131yor, gazete binalar\u0131n\u0131 tahrip ediyordu. \u0130talya\u2019da fa\u015fist zorbal\u0131k, yayg\u0131nla\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sanayiciler ve b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri, 1922\u2019de Halga\u2019da fa\u015fizmi iktidara getirmek konusunda anla\u015ft\u0131lar. Fa\u015fizm, ordu ve polis \u015feflerini elde etmi\u015fti. Fa\u015fist hareket, ordudaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck r\u00fctbeli subaylar\u0131n da sempatisini topluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mussolini, h\u00fck\u00fcmet darbesini y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koymak amac\u0131yla \u201cRoma \u00dczerine Y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u201d karar\u0131 ald\u0131. Ba\u015fbakan Facta, fa\u015fist h\u00fck\u00fcmet darbesine kar\u015f\u0131 27 Ekim\u2019de s\u0131k\u0131y\u00f6netim ilan etti. Fakat kral s\u0131k\u0131y\u00f6netim karar\u0131n\u0131 imzalamay\u0131 reddetti ve Mussolini\u2019yi iktidar\u0131 almak i\u00e7in Roma\u2019ya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. Mussolini, 29 Ekim g\u00fcn\u00fc konforlu bir yatakl\u0131 vagonla Roma\u2019ya geldi ve kendisine h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kurma g\u00f6revi verildi.[21]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6zetle \u0130talya \u00f6rne\u011finde fa\u015fizm, 1920\u2019de Benito Mussolini liderli\u011finde harekete ge\u00e7mesinden iki y\u0131l sonra iktidara geldi. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Mussolini ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 daha bir ihtiyatl\u0131 atmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6rne\u011fin ilk iki y\u0131lda anayasa de\u011fi\u015ftirilmemi\u015f, fa\u015fist h\u00fck\u00fcmet bir koalisyon karakteri ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fakat Mussolini\u2019ye ba\u011fl\u0131 fa\u015fist birlikler tabanca ve b\u0131\u00e7aklarla katliamlara giri\u015fip kitle \u00f6rg\u00fctlerini bo\u011fduktan sonra, \u201csayg\u0131n\u201d b\u00fcy\u00fck burjuva \u00e7evrelerin arzulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cpis i\u015fi\u201d bitirdi\u011finde, Mussolini art\u0131k burjuva d\u00fczenin tam anlam\u0131yla resmi temsilcisi olmaya hak kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sonras\u0131 mal\u00fbm, Mussolini, k\u0131sa zamanda bas\u0131n\u0131, adaleti, e\u011fitim kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131, orduyu, sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na ald\u0131. Se\u00e7im yasalar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. \u00d6teki partileri kapatt\u0131. Kiliseyi etkisi alt\u0131na ald\u0131. \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n diktat\u00f6r\u00fc oldu. Eski Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun topraklar\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki niyetlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme yolunda da ad\u0131mlar atmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mal\u00fbm, Roma imparatorlu\u011fu bir zamanlar, Akdeniz\u2019in t\u00fcm\u00fcne ve Afrika\u2019n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131na h\u00e2kimdi. Mussolini de, kendini o imparatorlu\u011fun \u201cv\u00e2ris\u201di sayarak Akdeniz\u2019i kendi denizi gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Arnavutluk, Yugoslavya, Yunanistan ve T\u00fcrkiye gibi, o denizin etraf\u0131ndaki \u00fclkeleri de yay\u0131lma hedefleri aras\u0131nda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc muhakkakt\u0131. Bunun zaten Roma radyosuyla birlikte \u0130talyan bas\u0131n\u0131nda da \u00f6rnekleri g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Afrika\u2019da o zamanki ad\u0131yla Trablusgarp (Libya), zaten, 1911\u2019den beri kendi y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. Yeni bir hedef olarak o zamanlar Etiyopya\u2019y\u0131 se\u00e7mi\u015fti. 1935\u2019te oraya h\u00fccum etti. Sava\u015f, yerli halk\u0131n direni\u015fiyle uzun s\u00fcrse de sonu\u00e7ta kazanan Mussolini oldu.[22]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Geni\u015f halk kitlelerini kahramanl\u0131k mitleriyle, sava\u015f \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131yla harekete ge\u00e7iren Mussolini\u2019nin sonu da Hitler\u2019den farks\u0131z olmad\u0131!<\/p>\n\n\n\n * * * * *<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fa\u015fist \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Etiyopya\u2019daki sava\u015f\u0131 devam ederken \u0130spanya\u2019da i\u00e7 sava\u015f (1936-1939) ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bir yanda Cumhuriyet\u00e7iler ve kom\u00fcnistler vard\u0131. Onlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda da General Franco g\u00fc\u00e7leri yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130talya ile Hitler Almanya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n aktif deste\u011fini alan \u201cFranco\u2019nun fikir politikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nceli\u011fi, teorik, ideolojik sava\u015f\u0131m de\u011fil hasm\u0131 kabul etti\u011fi zihinlere y\u00f6nelik fiziki sald\u0131r\u0131lard\u0131\u201d[23]<\/sup><\/a> ve bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi \u0130spanya \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda bir kez daha kan\u0131tlad\u0131!<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bilindi\u011fi gibi \u0130spanya\u2019daki Cumhuriyet\u00e7i h\u00fck\u00fcmet, fa\u015fist g\u00fc\u00e7lere kar\u015f\u0131 gereken \u00f6nlemleri almay\u0131nca General Franco\u2019nun ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayaklanma i\u00e7 sava\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00dc\u00e7 y\u0131l s\u00fcren i\u00e7 sava\u015fta \u0130talya ve Almanya da \u0130spanyol fa\u015fistlerine destek verdi. \u0130spanya\u2019daki antifa\u015fistlerin slogan\u0131 \u2018No Pasaran\u2019, yani \u2018fa\u015fizme ve Madrid\u2019e ge\u00e7it yok\u2019 idi. \u0130\u00e7 sava\u015fta halk, kad\u0131n\u0131 ve erke\u011fiyle b\u00fcy\u00fck diren\u00e7 g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6ncesinde kom\u00fcnistler, ba\u015fta Franco olmak \u00fczere komplocu generallerin g\u00f6revden al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 ve fa\u015fist \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerin yasaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 talep ettilerse de h\u00fck\u00fcmet bu uyar\u0131lar\u0131 dikkate almad\u0131. Cumhuriyet\u00e7i h\u00fck\u00fcmet, ordunun kilit noktalar\u0131nda bulunan fa\u015fist generallere dokunmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hitler ve Mussolini de, Halk Cephesi\u2019nin ayakta kalmas\u0131n\u0131 istemiyorlard\u0131. \u0130spanya\u2019da ABD\u2019nin tekelinde bulunan Ulusal Telefon \u015eirketi\u2019nin Amerikal\u0131 m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc albay Behn de 1934\u2019ten beri Franco ile ili\u015fki h\u00e2lindeydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nihayet fa\u015fist General Franco, 18 Temmuz 1936\u2019da \u0130spanya\u2019da bir i\u00e7 sava\u015fa yol a\u00e7acak ayaklanmay\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. Kilise, hemen Franco\u2019nun yan\u0131nda yer ald\u0131. Tekelci sermaye de ayaklanmay\u0131 destekledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin fa\u015fizme \u00f6d\u00fcn vermesi sonucu Cumhuriyet\u00e7i \u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n da yenilgisi h\u0131zland\u0131. Frans\u0131z H\u00fck\u00fcmeti, 12 Haziran 1938\u2019de \u0130spanya s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 kapatarak Cumhuriyet\u00e7i g\u00fc\u00e7lere silah g\u00f6nderilmesini engelledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Madrid halk\u0131n\u0131n direni\u015fi devam etti. Ancak 5 Mart 1939 tarihinde Madrid\u2019de bulunan Cumhuriyet\u00e7i ordunun y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli baz\u0131 subaylar\u0131 Franco ile ili\u015fkiye ge\u00e7ti. Bu generaller, bir cunta kurup h\u00fck\u00fcmet darbesi yapt\u0131lar ve tek bir kur\u015fun dahi at\u0131lmadan Madrid\u2019i fa\u015fistlere teslim ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri \u201cge\u00e7ilemeyen\u201d Madrid, i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i generallerin bu tavr\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden yenilgiye u\u011fram\u0131\u015f oluyordu. 30 Mart 1939\u2019da b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130spanya, Franco kuvvetleri taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmi\u015fti. \u0130\u00e7 sava\u015f, 1 Nisan 1939\u2019da resmen sona erdi. Art\u0131k \u00fclkede sabaha kar\u015f\u0131 kur\u015funa dizmeler, i\u015fkenceler, sosyalist, kom\u00fcnist ve cumhuriyet\u00e7ilerin ac\u0131mas\u0131zca yok edilmesi d\u00f6nemi ba\u015fl\u0131yordu.[24]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6zetle sermayenin fa\u015fist y\u00f6netiminin haz\u0131rlan\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde, burjuva devletin bask\u0131 ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak fa\u015fist ideolojiyle donat\u0131l\u0131p iktidara haz\u0131r h\u00e2le getirilmesini g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, \u0130spanya \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6rnektir. \u0130spanya\u2019da fa\u015fist parti (Falanjist Parti), burjuva devletin tepesinde yer alan \u00fcnl\u00fc askeri diktat\u00f6r Rivera\u2019n\u0131n o\u011flu taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6rg\u00fctlendi. \u0130spanya\u2019da fa\u015fizm, \u0130talya ve Almanya \u00f6rneklerinden fa\u015fizmin \u00f6zsel unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekip alarak ve kendisini \u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n somut ko\u015fullar\u0131na uyarlayarak daha ba\u015ftan devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131 i\u00e7inde geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Le Pen, Trump, Putin, Bolsonaro, Modi, Meloni… Art\u0131k adlar\u0131n\u0131 bir \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131da sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu \u201ca\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u201d liderlerin k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki y\u00fckseli\u015fi, k\u00f6kleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz kapitalizminin krizlerine ve \u00e7eli\u015fkilerine dayanan k\u00fcresel bir dalgaya m\u0131 i\u015faret ediyor?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Evet, Ugo Palheta\u2019n\u0131n da alt\u0131n\u0131 bir kez daha \u00e7izdi\u011fi \u00fczere:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cNeo-fa\u015fizm, h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda k\u00fcresel bir g\u00fc\u00e7 durumunda. Neo-fa\u015fizm, hem n\u00fcfusun geni\u015f kesimlerini hem de yeni bir hegemonya aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7indeki siyasal ve medyatik se\u00e7kinlerin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kendisine \u00e7ekmesini sa\u011flayan \u201cmanyetik bir alan\u201d olu\u015fturuyor. Bu \u00e7ekim g\u00fcc\u00fc, \u00fclkelerin tarihlerine, neo-fa\u015fizmin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 direni\u015fe, h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n radikal milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fe meyline, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 ve otoriter fikirlerin halka nas\u0131l n\u00fcfuz etti\u011fine vs. ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yo\u011funlu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00fclkeden \u00fclkeye farkl\u0131l\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131r. Gelgelelim, neo-fa\u015fizm dinami\u011fi k\u00fcreseldir, zira neo-liberal kapitalizmin ve onun krizlerinin k\u00fcresel geli\u015fimi ve ilerleyi\u015fi \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00dcstelik bu, \u00e7ok boyutlu bir krizdir: toplumsal, ekonomik, \u00e7evresel ve elbette siyasal\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n Neo-fa\u015fizm i\u015fte tam bu anda, hegemonik bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 neo-liberalizmden devralmak \u00fczere \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lan siyasal bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak sahneye \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.\u201d[25]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ku\u015fku yok: \u201cGericililik K\u00fcreselle\u015firken! Fa\u015fizm! Yeniden mi?\u201d sorusunun bir kez daha (tarihsel haf\u0131zas\u0131 ile!) g\u00fcncellendi\u011fi g\u00fczerg\u00e2hta (neo-) fa\u015fizme, kapitalizmden ayr\u0131 bir anlam y\u00fcklemenin kavram karga\u015fas\u0131na yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 asla unutulmamal\u0131! \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc nihai kertede fa\u015fizm tekelci kapitalizmin has \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcyken; anti-liberal, anti-kom\u00fcnist fa\u015fizmin anti-kapitalist olmas\u0131, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete kar\u015f\u0131 olmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Ayr\u0131ca \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete dayanan kapitalist toplumda, fa\u015fizmin, egemen s\u0131n\u0131ftan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ayr\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131fsal g\u00fcce evrilmesi olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fa\u015fizm, kriz d\u00f6nemlerinin kapitalist diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, kural d\u0131\u015f\u0131 iktidar\u0131yken; kapitalizm ile fa\u015fizm aras\u0131nda \u00c7in Seddi yoktur; olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ol(a)maz da! Bu konuda ayr\u0131m \u00e7izgisi yerine, i\u00e7i\u00e7eli\u011fe dikkat \u00e7ekmek daha do\u011fru olur\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kald\u0131 ki Samir Amin\u2019in ifadesiyle \u201c\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f kapitalizmin krizi ile fa\u015fizmin siyasi sahneye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc birbirine ba\u011flamas\u0131 tesad\u00fcfi de\u011fil. Fa\u015fizm parlamenter se\u00e7im demokrasisinin belirsizliklerini reddeden otoriter bir polis rejimi ile e\u015fanlaml\u0131 de\u011fildir. Fa\u015fizm kapitalist toplumun y\u00f6netiminin belli durumlarda kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalabilece\u011fi zorluklara kar\u015f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015f siyasi bir tepkidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n