\u201cEr ya da ge\u00e7<\/p>\n\n\n\n
bu d\u00fcnya<\/p>\n\n\n\n
bizim olacak.\u201d<\/a>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Karl Marx ile birlikte, d\u00fcnya i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na \u201cT\u00fcm \u00fclkelerin proleterlerinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 tek ve ayn\u0131, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 tek ve ayn\u0131, \u00f6nlerindeki sava\u015f\u0131m da tek ve ayn\u0131d\u0131r (\u2026) Yaln\u0131z proletarya milliyeti ortadan kald\u0131rabilir ve yaln\u0131zca uyanan proletarya, \u00e7e\u015fitli uluslar\u0131n karde\u015fli\u011fini sa\u011flayabilir,\u201d<\/a>[2]<\/sup><\/a> diye hayk\u0131ran -yeri doldurulamaz!- neferiydi<\/p>\n\n\n\n Wilhelm Liebknecht\u2019in, \u201cE\u011fer o hayattayken bir devrim olursa elimizin alt\u0131nda bir askeri deha haz\u0131r,\u201d <\/a>[3]<\/a><\/sup> diye betimledi\u011fi Ona Marx ailesinde \u201cGeneral\u201d diye hitap edilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n yolda\u015f\u0131, Marksizm\u2019in kurucusu Friedrich Engels, 5 A\u011fustos 1895\u2019te g\u00f6zlerini d\u00fcnyaya kapatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n O, yolda\u015f\u0131 Karl Marx ile i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na kendini bilmeyi, kendi s\u0131n\u0131f bilincine ula\u015fmay\u0131 ve toplumsal kurtulu\u015fu i\u00e7in nas\u0131l, hangi ara\u00e7larla kavga etmesi gerekti\u011fini \u00f6\u011fretti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Friedrich Engels\u2019in dehas\u0131n\u0131, kolektivist ve e\u011filip b\u00fck\u00fclmeyen militan ki\u015fili\u011fini, davas\u0131na ve yolda\u015flar\u0131na sonsuz ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak, anlatmak \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Onun kom\u00fcnist ki\u015fili\u011finin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, s\u0131k\u00e7a yineledi\u011fi bir s\u00f6z\u00fc hat\u0131rlatman\u0131n tam yeridir: \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn hayat\u0131m boyunca yapmaya yatk\u0131n oldu\u011fum \u015feyi yapt\u0131m ve ikinci keman olarak kald\u0131m; san\u0131r\u0131m bu i\u015fi olduk\u00e7a iyi yapt\u0131m. Marx gibi m\u00fckemmel bir birinci kemanla oldu\u011fum -\u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m- i\u00e7in memnunum.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Oysa ger\u00e7ekte Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Onsuz Marksizmi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Karl Marx ile Friedrich Engels\u2019in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na yapm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 hizmetler, k\u0131saca \u015f\u00f6yle ifade edilebilir: Onlar, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na kendini bilmeyi, kendi bilincine ula\u015fmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frettiler. Bo\u015f hayallerin yerine bilimi koydular. \u0130\u015fte bunun i\u00e7indir ki, Friedrich Engels\u2019in ad\u0131 ve ya\u015fam\u0131 her i\u015f\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan bilinmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hele hele sars\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 XXI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ger\u00e7ekten de s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez kapitalizmin \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck buhran\u201d\u0131yla, kriziyle sars\u0131l\u0131p, \u00e7\u0131kmazda debelendi\u011fi koordinatlarda, k\u00f6hnemi\u015f ve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011finin her alanda \u00e7\u0131plak bi\u00e7imde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za dikildi\u011fi g\u00fcnlerde -Karl Marx, V. \u0130. Lenin gibi- Friedrich Engels\u2019e olan ihtiya\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fcmektedir.<\/a>[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n * * * * *<\/p>\n\n\n\n Friedrich Engels her alanda b\u00fcy\u00fck toplumsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerin \u00e7a\u011fa damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurdu\u011fu bir d\u00fcnyaya g\u00f6zlerini a\u00e7t\u0131. Burjuva devrimleri t\u00fcm Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 sars\u0131yordu. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, giderek ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u00e7izgi izlemeye ba\u015fl\u0131yor ve kapitalistler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Friedrich Engels, 1842\u2019nin sonbahar\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye gitti. Babas\u0131 Manchester\u2019daki dokuma fabrikas\u0131nda ticaret \u00fczerine uzmanla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015fti; lakin bir ticaret adam\u0131 olmayacak, kom\u00fcnist g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere ula\u015farak bir devrimci olacakt\u0131. \u0130ngiltere Engels\u2019i deh\u015fete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bir i\u015f\u00e7i k\u0131z olan sevgilisi \u0130rlandal\u0131 Mary Burns ile i\u015f\u00e7i muhitlerini dola\u015f\u0131yor, i\u015f\u00e7ilerle konu\u015fuyor ve bilgi topluyordu. Engels\u2019in iki y\u0131ll\u0131k g\u00f6zlem ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n Durumu ile \u00fcr\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu eserin en temel \u00f6zelli\u011fi proletaryan\u0131n sefalet ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla betimlemesi de\u011fildi; onu \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz k\u0131lan esas \u015fey, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ac\u0131nacak bir s\u0131n\u0131f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu olarak m\u00fccadeleye itti\u011fini ve m\u00fccadele eden i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kendisiyle birlikte toplumu kurtaraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrmesiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels\u2019in yollar\u0131 1844\u2019te Paris\u2019te kesi\u015fti. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri t\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerindeki bu birliktelik, bir yolda\u015fl\u0131k ili\u015fkisinin de ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Marx ve Engels Alman \u0130deolojisi\u2019nde, h\u00e2kim \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerini ve toplumlar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131flara b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinin nedenlerini, tarihin itici g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak s\u0131n\u0131flar m\u00fccadelesini ve kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 bir devrime do\u011fru itti\u011fini ana \u00e7izgileriyle ortaya koydular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Toplumsal devrimin teorik temellerini ortaya koyduktan sonra, tez elden, i\u015f\u00e7i hareketiyle ili\u015fkilerini derinle\u015ftirdiler ve devrimde i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na \u00f6nderlik edecek bir kom\u00fcnist \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmenin in\u015fas\u0131na giri\u015ftiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1836\u2019da kurulan Adalet Birli\u011fi\u2019nin ad\u0131n\u0131 Kom\u00fcnistler Birli\u011fi ve \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130nsanlar Karde\u015ftir\u201d \u015fiar\u0131n\u0131 da \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn \u00dclkelerin \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Birle\u015fin\u201d \u015fiar\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi karar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 1847 tarihli kongrede, \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn amac\u0131n\u0131n, burjuvaziyi devirerek proletaryan\u0131n egemenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak ve s\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z bir toplum kurmak oldu\u011fu ilan edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Birli\u011fin kongresi ikinci kez topland\u0131; Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels\u2019in savundu\u011fu ilke ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler oy birli\u011fi ile kabul edildi. Marx ile Engels\u2019e Parti Manifestosunu kaleme alma g\u00f6revi verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kom\u00fcnist Parti Manifestosu \u015eubat 1848\u2019de Londra\u2019da yay\u0131nland\u0131. Burjuvazinin y\u00fckselen kom\u00fcnist hareketten ne denli korktu\u011funu belirtmek i\u00e7in, \u201cAvrupa\u2019da bir hayalet dola\u015f\u0131yor-kom\u00fcnizm hayaleti\u201d s\u00f6zleriyle ba\u015flayan bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bro\u015f\u00fcr ger\u00e7ekten de Marksizmi ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fcnyaya resmen ilan ediyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Manifesto\u2019nun isim babas\u0131, \u201c\u2026 \u2018\u0130man Tazeleme\u2019 \u00fczerinde biraz daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn. Biz din kitab\u0131 \u00fcslubunu bir yana b\u0131raksak ve \u015funun ad\u0131na \u2018Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto\u2019 desek daha iyi olacak diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. \u015e\u00f6yle ya da b\u00f6yle bunun i\u00e7inde tarih de olaca\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u015fimdiki bi\u00e7imi uygun g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor. Ben burada haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 yan\u0131mda getirece\u011fim, basit bir anlat\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde, ama \u00e7ar\u00e7abuk yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u00f6t\u00fc form\u00fcle edildi. (\u2026) yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m haz\u0131rl\u0131k onaylanmaya hen\u00fcz sunulmad\u0131, ama ufak tefek baz\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, en az\u0131ndan bizim g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerimize ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir \u015feyleri i\u00e7ermeyen bir bi\u00e7imde kabul edilmesini istiyorum,\u201d<\/a>[5]<\/sup><\/a> diyen Friderich Engels\u2019tir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc O, \u201cAment\u00fc\u201d yerine do\u011frudan Kom\u00fcnist Parti Manifestosu ismini \u00f6nermi\u015f ve hatta bug\u00fcn \u2018Kom\u00fcnizmin \u0130lkeleri\u2019 olarak bilinen metni de kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Karl Marx ile Friedrich Engels Manifesto\u2019da \u015funu ilan etmi\u015flerdi: \u201cBug\u00fcn burjuvaziyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelen b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekten devrimci olan biricik s\u0131n\u0131f proletaryad\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n O da proletaryan\u0131n generali idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n * * * * *<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2018Alman \u0130deolojisi\u2019nden \u2018Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto\u2019ya uzanan g\u00fczerg\u00e2hta Onun katk\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n damad\u0131 Frans\u0131z sosyalist Paul Lafargue onun \u00f6zelli\u011fini \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131rd\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cEngels\u2019in bilgi edinmeye kar\u015f\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, bir konuda en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ayr\u0131nt\u0131lara kadar egemen olmad\u0131k\u00e7a o konunun pe\u015fini b\u0131rakmamak bi\u00e7imindeydi. Bilgisinin kapsam\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi konusunda bir fikri olan ve ayn\u0131 zamanda canl\u0131 ve etkin bir hayat s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hesaba katan bir insan onun bir \u2018masa ba\u015f\u0131 bilgesi\u2019 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrse, b\u00f6ylesine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bilgi birikimini kafas\u0131na nas\u0131l s\u0131\u011fd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131na do\u011frusu hayret eder. Geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 bir bellek, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma temposu ile birlikte bir \u015feyi kavramada g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi rahatl\u0131k onun zihinsel yetileriydi. H\u0131zl\u0131 ve \u00e7aba harcam\u0131yormu\u015f gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. D\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131 kitapl\u0131klarla kapl\u0131 geni\u015f ayd\u0131nl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma odas\u0131nda, yerde bir k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t par\u00e7as\u0131 bile bulunmazd\u0131; masas\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla ilgili kitaplar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn kitaplar yerli yerinde olurdu. Odas\u0131, bir bilgenin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma odas\u0131ndan \u00e7ok sanki konuk kabul etti\u011fi oda gibiydi.\u201d<\/a>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cNas\u0131l\u201d m\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6rne\u011fin 1845\u2019te, Manchester\u2019daki fabrikalar ile i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 mahallerinde yans\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, kapitalist sistemin tetikledi\u011fi sefalet \u00fczerine kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018\u0130ngiltere\u2019de \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Durumu\u2019nda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan derin bilgi hazinesinde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Friedrich Engels \u015fehir k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerinde titiz bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc, o s\u0131ralarda \u0130ngiliz kapitalizmi \u00fczerine bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan metinleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin sefalet i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7en ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan ve g\u00fcndelik bir \u015fekilde incelemesi ve g\u00fcncel veriler ile istatistiklerin yo\u011fun kullan\u0131m\u0131yla \u0130ngiliz i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n deh\u015fet verici hayat \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 sert ve keskin bir bi\u00e7imde tarif edebildi. V. \u0130 Lenin\u2019in ifadesiyle s\u00f6z konusu yap\u0131t, \u201c\u0130\u00e7ine \u00e7eken \u00fcslubuyla, \u0130ngiliz proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekti\u011fi sefaletin en otantik ve \u015fok edici g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini ortaya koyan bir kitapt\u0131. Kitap, kapitalizm ile burjuvaziye y\u00f6neltilmi\u015f korkun\u00e7 bir su\u00e7lamayd\u0131 ve derin bir etki yaratt\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Friedrich Engels\u2019in ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7 netti: \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 sadece s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmekle ve patronlarca maruz b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn sonucu sefaletle ya\u015famakla kalm\u0131yor; ayn\u0131 zamanda onun mevcut ko\u015fullara kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131yor, mahk\u00fbm edildi\u011fi \u015fartlara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesini cesaretlendiriyordu<\/p>\n\n\n\n Onun yap\u0131t\u0131nda dile getirdi\u011fi bir\u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f daha sonra Karl Marx taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilecekti. S\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi, kriz ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye kar\u015f\u0131 sosyalizm i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n merkez\u00ee rol\u00fc gibi meseleleri s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma perspektifiyle incelemeye ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131.<\/a>[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Friedrich Engels modern i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zne, devrimin motoru olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Marksizm bu alandaki katk\u0131y\u0131 Onun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine bor\u00e7ludur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2018Kom\u00fcnistler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin, bilimsel sosyalizmin kurulu\u015f dok\u00fcman\u0131 \u2018Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto\u2019nun yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 da buna dahildir. T\u0131pk\u0131 V. \u0130. Lenin\u2019in, \u201cBu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kitap\u00e7\u0131k ciltlere bedeldir: Bug\u00fcn dahi uygar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc ve sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn proletaryaya ilham verir ve onu cesaretlendirir,\u201d<\/a>[8]<\/sup><\/a> ifadesindeki \u00fczere\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n * * * * *<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak Friedrich Engels\u2019e, sald\u0131r\u0131lar da eksik de\u011fil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cEngels, Marksizmi yanl\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imlendirmekle su\u00e7lanacakt\u0131. Marx\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn ve otantik eserlerindeki insanc\u0131l saiki bilimsellik hevesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden etkisiz h\u00e2le getirmekle ve onu yerine, arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yoklu\u011funda, sosyalizmin ilham veren, doyurucu vaadinden yoksun bir mekanik siyaset anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 koymakla su\u00e7lanacakt\u0131.\u201d<\/a>[9]<\/sup><\/a> Vs\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir de Ona Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini \u201cbasitle\u015ftiren, kabala\u015ft\u0131ran indirgemeci\u201d diyenler de yok de\u011fil!<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bunda \u015fa\u015f\u0131lacak bir \u015fey yok: Onun katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 Marksist teorik \u00e7er\u00e7eveden d\u0131\u015flamay\u0131 hedefleyen revizyonist, post-modern zihniyetin \u201colmazsa olmaz\u201d\u0131 bu!<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ona y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131lar \u00e7e\u015fitli ba\u015fl\u0131klarda yap\u0131lmakla beraber, sistemati\u011fi bir c\u00fcmlede \u00f6zetlenebilir: Ele\u015ftirmenlerine g\u00f6re \u201cO, Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n derin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini pozitivist bir bi\u00e7imde kabala\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, ortaya t\u00fcm felsefi ve teorik zenginli\u011fin siyasi hedeflere indirgendi\u011fi bir \u015fablon \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ad\u0131na Marksizm denen bu \u015fablon asl\u0131nda Engelsizmdir. Marksizm diye bir \u015fey asl\u0131nda hi\u00e7 var olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Oysa sosyalist devrimle siyasi iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irip, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kamusalla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 ve d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcz bir kom\u00fcnist d\u00fczeni kurmas\u0131n\u0131 hedefleyen Friedrich Engels, \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu: \u201cMarx ile k\u0131rk y\u0131ll\u0131k ortak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve ondan \u00f6nce teorinin haz\u0131rlan\u0131\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu kadar \u00f6zellikle geli\u015ftirilmesinde de benim belli bir ki\u015fisel pay\u0131m oldu\u011funu yads\u0131yamam. Ama \u00f6zellikle iktisat ve tarih alan\u0131nda y\u00f6n verici temel fikirlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ve \u00f6zellikle de bu fikirlerin kesin ifadelendirili\u015fleri, Marx\u2019\u0131n i\u015fidir. Benim teoriye katk\u0131m\u0131, olsa olsa birka\u00e7 \u00f6zel bilgi dal\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Karl Marx, bensiz de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilirdi. Ama Marx\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ben yapamazd\u0131m. Marx, bizim hepimizi a\u015f\u0131yordu; Marx, hepimizden daha uza\u011f\u0131, daha geni\u015f ve daha \u00e7abuk g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Marx bir deha idi; biz \u00f6tekiler ise olsa olsa yetenekli ki\u015filer. O olmasayd\u0131, teori bug\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu yerden \u00e7ok gerilerde olurdu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla teori hakl\u0131 olarak onun ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yor.\u201d<\/a>[10]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eu da g\u00f6r\u00fclmeli: Marksizmin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flayan \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Friedrich Engels\u2019tir. Zaten Ona y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131lar da esasen bunun i\u00e7indir!<\/p>\n\n\n\n Perry Anderson\u2019a kulak verelim: \u201cMarx\u2019\u0131n kendisi, klasik anlam\u0131yla, sistemli bir felsefe eseri b\u0131rakmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130lk felsefi tezlerini yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f el yazmalar\u0131 h\u00e2linde b\u0131rakan Marx, olgunluk \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda kat\u0131ks\u0131z felsefe alan\u0131na bir daha hi\u00e7bir zaman girmemi\u015fti. Daha sonra y\u00f6ntem konusunda yazd\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131nda en \u00f6nemlisi olan, 1857\u2019de yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Grundrisse\u2019ye giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bile tamamlan\u0131p yay\u0131ma haz\u0131rlanmadan, programl\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Marx\u2019\u0131n felsefi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015f, eksik kalm\u0131\u015f yanlar\u0131 onu hemen izleyen halefleri i\u00e7in Engels\u2019in, ba\u015fta Anti-D\u00fchring olmak \u00fczere, sonradan yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 metinlerle tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (…) Bat\u0131 Marksizmi de, asl\u0131nda, Korsch ile Luk\u00e1cs\u2019\u0131n, s\u0131ras\u0131yla, Marksizm ve Felsefe ve Tarih ve S\u0131n\u0131f Bilinci adl\u0131 kitaplar\u0131nda, Engels\u2019in felsefi miras\u0131n\u0131 iki koldan kesin bir tav\u0131rla reddetmesiyle ba\u015flayacakt\u0131. Engels\u2019in son metinleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilen irkilti, bundan b\u00f6yle, Bat\u0131 Marksizmi i\u00e7inde Sartre\u2019dan Colleui\u2019ye, Althusser\u2019den Marcuse\u2019ye kadar hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn ak\u0131mlar\u0131n ortak \u00f6zelli\u011fi olacakt\u0131. Engels\u2019in katk\u0131s\u0131 ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Marx\u2019\u0131n b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 miras\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 eskiden oldu\u011fundan \u00e7ok daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcnecek, eserini tamamlamak ihtiyac\u0131 da daha ivedi bir sorun h\u00e2line gelecekti.\u201d<\/a>[11]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Dogma de\u011fil, y\u00f6ntem sunan bir k\u0131lavuzdur Marksizm, Friedrich Engels\u2019in alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fi gibi\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n Marksist tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 da soyut kurgulardan de\u011fil, toplumsal olu\u015fumlar\u0131n maddi varolu\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan hareket eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cMateryalist tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re tarihteki belirleyici etken, son kertede ger\u00e7ek ya\u015fam\u0131n \u00fcretimi ve yeniden \u00fcretimidir. Marx da ben de bundan daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman ileri s\u00fcrmedik. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, herhangi bir kimse ekonomik etken biricik belirleyicidir dedirtmek \u00fczere bu \u00f6nermenin anlam\u0131n\u0131 zorlarsa, onu, bo\u015f, soyut, anlams\u0131z bir s\u00f6z h\u00e2line getirmi\u015f olur. Ekonomik durum temeldir, ama \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcstyap\u0131 \u00f6geleri -s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n politik bi\u00e7imleri ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, yani sava\u015f bir kez kazan\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra kazanan s\u0131n\u0131f taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan anayasalar vb. hukuksal bi\u00e7imler ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bu ger\u00e7ek sava\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n onlara kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n beyinlerindeki yans\u0131malar\u0131, yani siyasal, hukuksal, felsefi teoriler, dinsel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ve daha sonra bunlar\u0131n dogmatik sistemlere geli\u015fmeleri- hepsi de tarihsel sava\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n gidi\u015fi \u00fczerinde etki yapar ve bir\u00e7ok durumda \u00f6zellikle onlar\u0131n bi\u00e7imini belirlerler. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u00f6geler aras\u0131nda bir etkile\u015fim vard\u0131r; bu etkile\u015fime b\u00fct\u00fcn sonsuz ar\u0131zi durumlar (yani, aralar\u0131ndaki i\u00e7 ba\u011flant\u0131 o kadar uzak ya da ortaya konulmas\u0131 o kadar olanaks\u0131z oldu\u011fundan yok say\u0131p g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edebilece\u011fimiz \u015feyler ve olaylar) \u00e7oklu\u011fu ortas\u0131nda, ekonomik e\u011filimin sonunda kendisini ortaya koymas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. Yoksa teorinin herhangi bir tarihsel d\u00f6neme uygulanmas\u0131, birinci dereceden basit bir denklemin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnden daha kolay olurdu,\u201d<\/a>[12]<\/sup><\/a> diye ekler Friedrich Engels. Ve devam eder:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cTarihimizi kendimiz yap\u0131yoruz ama her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya belirlenmi\u015f \u00f6nc\u00fcller ve \u015fartlar i\u00e7inde ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. Bunlar aras\u0131nda en sonunda belirleyici olanlar ekonomik \u015fartlard\u0131r. Bununla birlikte politik \u015fartlar ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131; hatta insanlar\u0131n zihinlerinde \u00e7\u00f6reklenmi\u015f gelenekler, son s\u00f6z\u00fc s\u00f6yleyememekle birlikte \u00f6nemli rol oynarlar.\u201d<\/a>[13]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6zetle Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels aras\u0131ndaki tutarl\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcne Friedrich Engels\u2019in katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yok sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, Marksizmi y\u00f6ntemsiz b\u0131rak\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yitirmesini sa\u011flars\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, V. \u0130. Lenin\u2019in, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine kalem ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 makalesinde Onu \u201cProletaryan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6\u011fretmeni\u201d<\/a>[14]<\/sup><\/a> olarak u\u011furlamas\u0131 bo\u015funa de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n * * * * *<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kim ne derse desin\u2026 \u0130ki ki\u015filik dev bir orkestrayd\u0131, e\u015fsiz bir yolda\u015fl\u0131kt\u0131 onlar\u0131nki\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kald\u0131 ki Friedrich Engels\u2019in kendini \u201cikinci keman\u201d olarak nitelendirmesinin nesnel zemini de buydu; \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6mr\u00fcm boyunca ancak yapabilece\u011fim \u015feyi yapt\u0131m, yani ikinci keman\u0131 \u00e7ald\u0131m (\u2026) \u015eimdi birdenbire teori konusunda Marx\u2019\u0131n yerine ge\u00e7ip birinci keman \u00e7almam isteniyorsa, b\u00f6yle bir \u015fey kusursuz bir bi\u00e7imde olamaz, bunu da benden daha iyi duyumsayan bulunmaz. \u0130\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz g\u00fcnler biraz hareketlensin de, o zaman Marx\u2019\u0131n kayb\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle anlayaca\u011f\u0131z, onun h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket gerektiren anlarda her zaman do\u011fru karar verip hemen p\u00fcf noktas\u0131na varma yetene\u011fine hi\u00e7birimiz sahip de\u011filiz. Sakin zamanlarda ara-s\u0131ra olaylar\u0131n Marx\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 beni hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur, ama devrimci anlarda onun yarg\u0131s\u0131 hemen hi\u00e7 \u015fa\u015fmazd\u0131,\u201d<\/a>[15]<\/sup><\/a> vurgusundaki \u00fczere\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6te yandan Karl Marx ile ili\u015fkilendirmeden, Onun hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fmak nafile bir \u015feydir. Elbette bu h\u00e2l Karl Marx i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels 1844\u2019te tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda, bu ikili Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n 1883\u2019teki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne dek 40 y\u0131l boyunca birbirlerinden ayr\u0131lmaz olmakla kalmad\u0131lar. Ayn\u0131 zamanda aralar\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u015fbirli\u011fi olu\u015fturup, toplumsal ve ekonomik ili\u015fkiler \u00fczerine m\u00fcthi\u015f eserleri de ortaya koydular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu da tam\u0131 tam\u0131na Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels aras\u0131ndaki i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Marksizm\u2019in XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonuna gelindi\u011finde hemen her kritik toplumsal meseleye dair tezlerinin olmas\u0131, ikisi de ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc derecede \u00fcretken olsalar da ne Karl Marx ne de Friedrich Engels\u2019in tek ba\u015f\u0131na alt\u0131ndan kalkabilece\u011fi bir i\u015fti. Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n deyi\u015fiyle \u201cG\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturmak olan ba\u015fl\u0131ca ama\u00e7lar\u0131na\u201d<\/a>[16]<\/sup><\/a> \u2018Alman \u0130deolojisi\u2019ni yazma s\u00fcrecinde ula\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n 1883\u2019deki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar aralar\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli bir i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Onlar\u0131n k\u00fclliyat\u0131 ortaya kondu\u011funda, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel \u00fcretim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, \u00f6zellikle 1848\u2019den sonra bu i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc belirgin bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu tarihten itibaren Karl Marx esasen kapitalist \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminin yap\u0131sal i\u015fleyi\u015finin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesi ve ele\u015ftirisine yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, Friedrich Engels de Marksizm\u2019in b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc bilimsel y\u00f6nteminin geli\u015ftirilmesi, ba\u015fkalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan da kavranabilir ve uygulanabilir h\u00e2le getirilmesine odaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Materyalist y\u00f6ntem, bilimsel olmak zorundayd\u0131; ve Karl Marx ile Friedrich Engels daha yolun ba\u015f\u0131nda bu sorunu \u00f6nlerine koyup, Alman \u0130deolojisi\u2019nde \u201cBiz, yaln\u0131z tek bir bilim tan\u0131yoruz, o da tarih bilimidir. Tarih iki y\u00f6nden incelenebilir. Tarihi, do\u011fa tarihi ve insanlar\u0131n tarihi diye ikiye ay\u0131rabiliriz. Bununla birlikte, bu iki y\u00f6n birbirinden ayr\u0131lamazlar; insanlar varolduk\u00e7a, insanlar\u0131n tarihi ve do\u011fan\u0131n tarihi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak birbirlerini ko\u015fulland\u0131r\u0131rlar,\u201d<\/a>[17]<\/sup><\/a> ifadesindeki y\u00f6ntem notunu d\u00fc\u015ferler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ayr\u0131ca Friedrich Engels, \u2018Ludwig Feuerbach ve Klasik Alman Felsefesinin Sonu\u2019nda \u015fu vurguyu yapar: \u201cMateryalizm, do\u011fa bilimleri alan\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an her yeni bulu\u015f ile ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak bi\u00e7imini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek zorundad\u0131r; ve tarihin kendisi materyalist bir yoruma t\u00e2bi tutulal\u0131 beri burada da yeni bir geli\u015fme yolu a\u00e7\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.\u201d<\/a>[18]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Paul Lafargue\u2019\u0131n, \u201cEngels olmadan Marx\u2019\u0131, Marx olmadan da Engels\u2019i akl\u0131m\u0131za getiremeyiz; varl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6ylesine i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir ki adeta tek bir ya\u015fam olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n Engels ve Marx\u2019\u0131n birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131. Bilimsel d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc son hadde kadar g\u00f6t\u00fcren Engels, on farkl\u0131 yoldan kan\u0131tlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir c\u00fcmleyi yay\u0131mlamay\u0131 reddeden Marx\u2019\u0131n titizli\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u00f6fkeden deliye d\u00f6n\u00fcyordu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Marx, Engels\u2019in evrensel bilgisine, ona bir konudan di\u011fer konuya \u00e7abucak ge\u00e7mesini sa\u011flayan k\u0131vrak zek\u00e2s\u0131na hayran olmaktan hi\u00e7 b\u0131km\u0131yordu. Engels de Marx\u2019\u0131n analiz ve sentez g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kabul etmekten her zaman k\u0131van\u00e7 duyuyordu,\u201d<\/a>[19]<\/sup><\/a> betimlemesindeki \u00fczere Karl Marx ile Friedrich Engels, bug\u00fcne dek benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir tak\u0131md\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n * * * * *<\/p>\n\n\n\n Friedrich Engels\u2019e g\u00f6re kapitalizm, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni proletaryay\u0131 burjuvazi eliyle insani de\u011ferlerden uzak bir yap\u0131 olarak kurar. Bu da i\u015f\u00e7ilerin din, ahl\u00e2k, burjuva egoizmi vb. mevcut egemen s\u0131n\u0131f ideolojisinden ayr\u0131k durmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. \u0130\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 sanayile\u015fme ve \u015fehirle\u015fme de i\u015f\u00e7ilerin bir arada durmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lan di\u011fer fakt\u00f6rler olarak i\u015f\u00e7ilerin bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin fark\u0131na varmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n tan\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler insanl\u0131k onurunu burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 verdikleri s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi sayesinde bulabilirlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n O h\u00e2lde yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, \u201cEl yaln\u0131zca eme\u011fin organ\u0131 olmay\u0131p, ayn\u0131 zamanda eme\u011fin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u201d \u201c\u0130nsan eli, sadece \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak ve s\u00fcrekli yeni i\u015flere uyum sa\u011flayarak, Raphael\u2019in tablolar\u0131n\u0131, Thorwaldsen\u2019in heykellerini ve Paganini\u2019nin m\u00fczi\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan en y\u00fcksek m\u00fckemmelli\u011fe eri\u015fmi\u015ftir,\u201d diyen Friedrich Engels\u2019in vurgular\u0131, uyar\u0131lar\u0131 e\u015fli\u011finde -\u015fimdilik- sonlayal\u0131m\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kapitalist Vah\u015fet\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinin ortak noktas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n hep yoksul olmas\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayanlar\u0131n ise zenginle\u015fmesidir\u201d…<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u00dcretici g\u00fc\u00e7leri ne kadar \u00e7ok kendi m\u00fclkiyetine ge\u00e7irirse, o kadar \u00e7ok ger\u00e7ek kolektif kapitalist durumuna gelir, yurtta\u015flar\u0131 o kadar \u00e7ok s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcr\u201d…<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cToplumun serveti, ancak, kendileri bu servetin \u00f6zel malikleri olan, \u00f6zel bireylerin serveti olarak vard\u0131r. Bu servet, toplumsal niteli\u011fini, ancak, bu bireylerin, kendi gereksinmelerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak farkl\u0131 nicelikte kullan\u0131m-de\u011ferlerini de\u011fi\u015fmeleri olgusunda ortaya koyar. Kapitalist \u00fcretim sisteminde, bunu, ancak para arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile yapabilirler. Yani bireyin serveti, ancak, para arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile toplumsal servet olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Servetin toplumsal niteli\u011fi, i\u015fte bu \u015feyde, parada somutla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d…<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cPara her kap\u0131y\u0131 a\u00e7ar ancak kilitleyemez\u201d…<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cHer ilerleme ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00f6rece bir gerilemedir, birilerinin refah\u0131 ve geli\u015fmesi di\u011ferlerinin ac\u0131 \u00e7ekmesi ve ezilmesi \u00fczerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir\u201d…<\/a>[20]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7i yoksul, onun i\u00e7in ya\u015fam\u0131n hi\u00e7bir \u00e7ekicili\u011fi yok, hemen hemen keyifli her \u015fey ondan esirgeniyor, yasalardaki cezalar da onu daha fazla korkutmuyor; \u00f6yleyse arzular\u0131n\u0131 niye gemlesin, zengine, do\u011fumla kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 keyif yapma hakk\u0131n\u0131 neden b\u0131raks\u0131n, neden bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesin? Proleteri, \u00e7almamaya te\u015fvik edecek ne var? \u2018M\u00fclkiyetin kutsall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuvvetle vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duymak burjuvazinin kula\u011f\u0131na pek ho\u015f gelebilir, ama hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi olmayan i\u00e7in m\u00fclkiyetin kutsall\u0131\u011f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131maz. Bu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n tanr\u0131s\u0131 parad\u0131r; burjuvazi proletaryan\u0131n paras\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r ve onu pratikte bir ateist yapar\u201d\u2026<\/a>[21]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Konut Sorunu\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cKonut sorunu, ancak, toplum, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn kapitalist toplumunun zirveye ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 kent-k\u0131r kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rma i\u015fine giri\u015fmeye yetecek kadar d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilir. Bu kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rabilir olman\u0131n \u00e7ok uza\u011f\u0131nda bulunan kapitalist toplum, tam tersine onu her g\u00fcn daha fazla keskinle\u015ftirmek zorundad\u0131r. (\u2026) Konut sorununun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc ayn\u0131 zamanda toplumsal sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zmez; \u00f6nce toplumsal sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi, yani kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla, konut sorununun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131r. Hem konut sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zmeyi hem de modern b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumay\u0131 istemek bir sa\u00e7mal\u0131kt\u0131r. Modern b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerin yok edilmesiyse ancak kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilir ve bu i\u015fe bir kez giri\u015fildi\u011finde, her i\u015f\u00e7iye ona ait olan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir ev sa\u011flamakla de\u011fil, bamba\u015fka konularla ilgilenilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ne var ki, her toplumsal devrim, ilk olarak, \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulduklar\u0131ndan hareket etmek ve en g\u00f6ze batan k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklere eldeki ara\u00e7larla \u00e7are bulmak zorunda kalacakt\u0131r. Ve g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fumuz gibi, m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131flara ait olan l\u00fcks konutlar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve geri kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yerle\u015ftirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla konut k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131na hemen \u00e7are bulunabilir\u201d\u2026<\/a>[22]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cAma kesin olan \u015fu ki, bug\u00fcn bile, b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerde, akla uygun bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131 durumunda her t\u00fcr ger\u00e7ek \u2018konut k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na hemen \u00e7are bulunmas\u0131na yetecek miktarda konut binas\u0131 bulunuyor. Bu da do\u011fal olarak yaln\u0131zca bug\u00fcnk\u00fc sahiplerin m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilmesi ya da evlerine evsizlerin veya bug\u00fcne kadarki evlerinde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kalabal\u0131k bir \u015fekilde ya\u015fayan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yerle\u015ftirilmesi yoluyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilir ve proletarya siyasal iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irir ge\u00e7irmez, herkesin iyili\u011finin gerekli k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6ylesi bir \u00f6nlem, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc devletin di\u011fer kamula\u015ft\u0131rma ve yerle\u015ftirme eylemleri kadar kolay bir \u015fekilde hayata ge\u00e7ebilecektir\u201d\u2026<\/a>[23]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Kad\u0131n Meselesi\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cErkek, Ailedeki burjuvad\u0131r; kad\u0131nsa proletaryay\u0131 temsil eder\u201d…<\/a>[24]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cYa\u015fam\u0131 boyunca hi\u00e7bir zaman para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da mevki g\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7in kendini bir erke\u011fe vermemi\u015f, ya da ekonomik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek sevdi\u011fi erke\u011fi geri \u00e7evirmemi\u015f bir kad\u0131nlar ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131yla; para ya da mevki g\u00fcc\u00fcyle bir kad\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcst\u00fc b\u0131rakmam\u0131\u015f ya da ge\u00e7imini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek s\u0131rf \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 i\u00e7in sevmedi\u011fi kad\u0131na ba\u011flanmam\u0131\u015f bir erkekler ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yeti\u015fti\u011fi zaman. \u0130\u015fte o zaman kad\u0131n erkek ili\u015fkileri ve insan ili\u015fkileri ahl\u00e2ki y\u00fcceli\u011fe ula\u015facakt\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte proleter ahl\u00e2k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 budur\u201d…<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cModern kar\u0131-koca ailesi, a\u00e7\u0131k ya da gizli, kad\u0131n\u0131n evcil k\u00f6leli\u011fi \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur\u201d…<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bilin\u00e7 Sorunu\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cEgemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri, her \u00e7a\u011fda, egemen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumu\u015ftur\u201d…<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cFikirler \u00e7o\u011fu zaman elektrik k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131mlar\u0131 gibi birbirini tutu\u015fturur\u201d…<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u0130nsanlar\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7iren ne varsa, hepsi zorunlu olarak onlar\u0131n beyninden ge\u00e7er, ama bunun beyinde alaca\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7im, ko\u015fullara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r\u201d\u2026<\/a>[25]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin H\u00e2li\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cK\u00f6m\u00fcr oca\u011f\u0131, bir\u00e7ok deh\u015fet verici fel\u00e2ketin sahnesidir ve o fel\u00e2ketler de do\u011frudan do\u011fruya burjuvazinin bencilli\u011finden ileri gelir\u201d…<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cSoru 7: Proleter k\u00f6leden hangi bak\u0131mdan farkl\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yan\u0131t: K\u00f6le ancak bir kez sat\u0131l\u0131r, proleter ise kendisini g\u00fcnbeg\u00fcn, saatbesaat satmak zorundad\u0131r. Tek bir efendinin m\u00fclk\u00fc olan bireysel k\u00f6le, efendisinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 bunu gerektirdi\u011finden, ne denli sefil olursa olsun, g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir ge\u00e7ime sahiptir; eme\u011fi ancak birisi buna gereksinme duydu\u011fu zaman kendisinden sat\u0131n al\u0131nan ve, deyim yerindeyse, t\u00fcm burjuvalar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclk\u00fc olan bireysel proleter ise, g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir ge\u00e7ime sahip de\u011fildir. Bu ge\u00e7im ancak t\u00fcm proleter s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7in g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00f6le rekabetin d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r, proleter ise onun i\u00e7indedir ve bunun b\u00fct\u00fcn dalgalanmalar\u0131ndan etkilenir. K\u00f6le, uygar toplumun bir \u00fcyesi olarak de\u011fil, bir \u015fey olarak hesap edilir; proleter ise bir ki\u015fi olarak, uygar toplumun bir \u00fcyesi olarak kabul edilir. \u015eu h\u00e2lde, k\u00f6le proleterden daha iyi bir ge\u00e7ime sahip olabilir, ama proleter, toplumun geli\u015fmesinin daha y\u00fcksek bir a\u015famas\u0131na mensuptur ve kendisi de k\u00f6leden daha y\u00fcksek bir a\u015famada bulunur. K\u00f6le, kendisini, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkileri aras\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca k\u00f6lelik ili\u015fkisini kald\u0131rmakla \u00f6zg\u00fcr k\u0131lar ve b\u00f6ylelikle ancak o zaman bizzat bir proleter h\u00e2line gelir; proleter ise kendisini, ancak genel olarak \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti kald\u0131rmakla \u00f6zg\u00fcr k\u0131labilir\u201d\u2026<\/a>[26]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7i ne kadar \u00e7ok tasarruf ederse, eline o kadar az \u00fccret ge\u00e7er. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, tasarruf etmesi, kendi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na de\u011fil, kapitalistin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131nad\u0131r\u201d\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n S\u0131n\u0131f Sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cYar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yedikten sonra elimizde b\u00fct\u00fcn bir elma kalmayaca\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u00e7eli\u015fik taraflardan biri olmadan di\u011feri de olmaz\u201d\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cSadece s\u0131n\u0131f ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 de\u011fil, do\u011frudan do\u011fruya s\u0131n\u0131f ayr\u0131mlar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131\u201d\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u015euna inan\u0131yorum, \u015fimdi yoksulun zengine kar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131da ve dolayl\u0131 olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sava\u015f, do\u011frudan ve genel h\u00e2le gelecek. Bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm i\u00e7in \u00e7ok ge\u00e7. S\u0131n\u0131flar giderek daha keskince b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc, direni\u015f ruhu i\u015f\u00e7ilere i\u015fliyor, k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k kabar\u0131yor, daha \u00f6nemli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda gerilla kavgalar\u0131 yo\u011funluk kazan\u0131yor ve yak\u0131nda \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir itme, \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 yuvarlamaya yetecek. \u0130\u015fte o zaman, t\u00fcm \u00fclkede \u015fu sava\u015f naras\u0131 yank\u0131lanacak: \u2018Saraylara sava\u015f, kul\u00fcbelere bar\u0131\u015f\u2019!\u201d\u2026<\/a>[27]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Devrimci \u015eiddet\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cHi\u00e7bir zaman ilk kur\u015fun bizden \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u201d…<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u00d6nce siz ate\u015f edin m\u00f6sy\u00f6 burjuvazi\u201d…<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kom\u00fcnist Tav\u0131r\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cBizim, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti ortadan kald\u0131rma niyetimizden deh\u015fete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyorsunuz. Ama sizin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc toplumunuzda \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet, n\u00fcfusun onda dokuzu i\u00e7in zaten ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d…<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cBir gram eylem, bir tonluk kuramdan daha de\u011ferlidir\u201d…<\/p>\n\n\n\n Do\u011fa ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cDo\u011fa, burada hi\u00e7bir \u015fey eskiden oldu\u011fu gibi ve eskiden oldu\u011fu yerde kalmaz; her \u015fey hareket eder, de\u011fi\u015fir!\u201d…<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cMateryalist do\u011fa g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, do\u011fan\u0131n oldu\u011fu gibi, yabanc\u0131 bir \u015fey katmadan, yal\u0131n bi\u00e7imde kavranmas\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir\u201d…<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cMateryalist bir do\u011fa anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, matematik ve do\u011fa bilim ile i\u00e7li-d\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olunmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir\u201d…<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, zorunlulu\u011fun kavranmas\u0131d\u0131r\u201d…<\/a>[28]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u0130htiya\u00e7, icad\u0131n anas\u0131d\u0131r\u201d…<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u0130nsan\u0131n kendi iradesine kar\u015f\u0131n, her g\u00fcn, sabahtan gece vaktine kadar, belli bir \u015fey yapmakla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan daha deh\u015fet verici bir \u015fey yoktur\u201d…<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sosyalizm\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cSosyal-demokrat ham kafa son zamanlarda proletarya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn edildi\u011fini duyunca hidayete erdirici bir korkuya kap\u0131ld\u0131. Eh peki, bu diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn neye benzedi\u011fini g\u00f6rmek ister misiniz baylar? Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019ne bak\u0131n. Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc, proletarya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyd\u00fc\u201d…<\/a>[29]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n TEMEL DEM\u0130RER<\/p>\n\n\n\n N O T L A R<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[*]<\/sup><\/a> Rojnameya Newroz, Aral\u0131k 2025\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n [1]<\/sup><\/a> Friedrich Engels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[2]<\/sup><\/a> Friedrich Engels Biyografi, \u00e7ev: O\u011fuz \u00d6zg\u00fcl-S\u00fcheyla-Saliha Kaya, Sorun Yay., 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[3]<\/sup><\/a> Marksizm Leninizm Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Marx-Engels An\u0131lar\u0131, \u00e7ev: Alaattin Bilgi, Evrensel Bas\u0131m Yay., 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[4]<\/sup><\/a> Bkz: i) Sibel \u00d6zbudun, \u201cAilenin, Devletin, \u00d6zel M\u00fclkiyetin K\u00f6keni Bize Ne \u00d6\u011fretiyor?\u201d, Friedrich Engels \u00dczerine Yaz\u0131lar, Edit\u00f6r: Sezen Cilengir-Erdem \u00c7evik-Hasan Ate\u015f, SAV Yay\u0131nevi, 2023\u2026 ii) Sibel \u00d6zbudun, \u201cEngels, Kad\u0131n, Aile\u201d, Yeni E Dergisi, No:49, Kas\u0131m 2020\u2026 iii) Sibel \u00d6zbudun, \u201cFriedrich Engels Ve Ailenin, \u00d6zel M\u00fclkiyetin, Devletin K\u00f6keni \u00dczerine\u201d, Marksizmin Ba\u015fyap\u0131tlar\u0131 (19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l), Kolektif (Ayd\u0131n \u00c7ubuk\u00e7u, Dirk J. Struik, Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu, Eric J. Hobsbawm, Erkin \u00d6zalp, Fatih Ya\u015fl\u0131, Haluk Yurtsever, Orkun Saip Durmaz, \u00d6zg\u00fcr Narin, Sibel \u00d6zbudun, U\u011fur Er\u00f6zkan, Yener Orkuno\u011flu), Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131-Ba\u015fyap\u0131tlar ve \u00d6nc\u00fcler Dizisi, 2013\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[5]<\/sup><\/a> Friedrich Engels Biyografi, \u00e7ev: O\u011fuz \u00d6zg\u00fcl-S\u00fcheyla-Saliha Kaya, Sorun Yay., 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[6]<\/sup><\/a> Marksizm Leninizm Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Marx-Engels An\u0131lar\u0131, \u00e7ev: Alaattin Bilgi, Evrensel Bas\u0131m Yay., 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[7]<\/sup><\/a> Friedrich Engels d\u00f6nemin Alman Sosyal Demokratlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen fig\u00fcrlerinden August Babel\u2019e, \u201colan bitene dair kendilerine tek bir kelime edilmemesini affetmeyece\u011fini\u201d ve kendisinin ve Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n Lassalle\u2019c\u0131 devlet sosyalizmini temel alarak kurulmu\u015f \u201cbu yeni partiye asla mensup olmayacaklar\u0131n\u0131\u201d yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (Marcello Musto, \u201cGotha Program\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Ele\u015ftirisinin 150. Y\u0131l\u0131\u201d, Birg\u00fcn Pazar, 11 May\u0131s 2025, s.9.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[8]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/lenin\/works\/1895\/misc\/engels-bio.htm<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[9]<\/sup><\/a> Tristram Hunt, Frakl\u0131 Kom\u00fcnist-Friedrich Engels\u2019in Devrimci Hayat\u0131, \u00e7ev: I\u015f\u0131l El\u00e7in-Mehmet Ratip, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay., 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[10]<\/sup><\/a> Friedrich Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach ve Klasik Alman Felsefesinin Sonu, \u00e7ev: Sevim Belli, Sol Yay., 4. bask\u0131, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[11]<\/sup><\/a> Perry Anderson Bat\u0131 Marksizmi \u00dczerine D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, \u00e7ev: B\u00fclent Aksoy, Birikim Yay., 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[12]<\/sup><\/a> Karl Marx-Engels, Se\u00e7me Yaz\u0131\u015fmalar 2\/ 1870-1895, (21 Eyl\u00fcl 1890 tarihli mektup), \u00e7ev: Yurdakul Fincanc\u0131, Sol Yay., 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[13]<\/sup><\/a> Friedrich Engels\u2019in Sosyalist D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin Geli\u015fmesi, \u00e7ev: Selahattin Hilav, Sosyal Yay., 1964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[14]<\/sup><\/a> V. \u0130. Lenin, Marx, Engels, Marksizm \u00e7ev: Vahap Erdo\u011fdu, Sol Yay., 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[15]<\/sup><\/a> Friedrich Engels, B\u00fcro ile Barikat Aras\u0131nda, (15 Ekim 1884 tarihli mektup), \u00e7ev: Necla Kuglin-J\u00f6rg Kuglin, Sol Yay., 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[16]<\/sup><\/a> Karl Marx, Ekonomi Politi\u011fin Ele\u015ftirisine Katk\u0131, \u00e7ev: Sevim Belli, Sol Yay., 1970.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[17]<\/sup><\/a> Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels, Alman \u0130deolojisi [Feuerbach], \u00e7ev: Sevim Belli, Sol Yay., 1976.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[18]<\/sup><\/a> Friedrich Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach ve Klasik Alman Felsefesinin Sonu, \u00e7ev: Sevim Belli, Sol Yay., 4. bask\u0131, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[19]<\/sup><\/a> Paul Lafargue, \u201cFriedrich Engels ile \u0130lgili Ki\u015fisel Hat\u0131ralar\u201d, 12 Ocak 2021\u2026 https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/2020\/12\/04\/friedrich-engels-ile-ilgili-kisisel-hatiralar\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[20]<\/sup><\/a> Friedrich Engels, Ailenin, \u00d6zel M\u00fclkiyetin ve Devletin K\u00f6keni, \u00e7ev: Kenan Somer, Sol Yay., 1967.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[21]<\/sup><\/a> Friedrich Engels, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n Durumu, \u00e7ev: Oktay Emre, Sosyalist Yay., 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[22]<\/sup><\/a> Friedrich Engels, Konut Sorunu, \u00e7ev: G\u00fcne\u015f \u00d6zdural, Sol Yay., 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[23]<\/sup><\/a> Friedrich Engels, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n Durumu, \u00e7ev: Oktay Emre, Sosyalist Yay., 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[24]<\/sup><\/a> Friedrich Engels, Ailenin, \u00d6zel M\u00fclkiyetin ve Devletin K\u00f6keni, \u00e7ev: Kenan Somer, Sol Yay., 1967.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[25]<\/sup><\/a> Friedrich Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach ve Klasik Alman Felsefesinin Sonu, \u00e7ev: Sevim Belli, Sol Yay., 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[26]<\/sup><\/a> Friedrich Engels, Kom\u00fcnizmin \u0130lkeleri, \u00e7ev: S\u00fcleyman Ege, Bilim ve Sosyalizm Yay., 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[27]<\/sup><\/a> Friedrich Engels, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n Durumu, \u00e7ev: Oktay Emre, Sosyalist Yay., 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[28]<\/sup><\/a> Friedrich Engels, Anti-D\u00fchring: Bay Eugen D\u00fchring Bilimi Alt\u00fcst Ediyor, \u00e7ev: Kenan Somer, Sol Yay., 1966.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a>[29]<\/sup><\/a> Karl Marx, Fransa\u2019da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f, \u00e7ev: Kenan Somer, Sol Yay., 1977.<\/p>\n\n\n\n KY; Devrimci Cepha<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u201cEr ya da ge\u00e7 bu d\u00fcnya bizim...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8088,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29,8],"tags":[],"manset":[],"class_list":["post-8087","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-manset","category-sectiklerimiz"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8087","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8087"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8087\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8089,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8087\/revisions\/8089"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8088"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8087"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8087"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8087"},{"taxonomy":"manset","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kolektifmucadele1.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/manset?post=8087"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}